Chiyambi
Mu mutu wapitawu, zawonetsedwa kuti zochitika zenizeni za masamu za mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi madzi omwe ali pamalopo zitha kupezeka mosavuta. Izi zili choncho chifukwa mu hydrostatic mphamvu zosavuta zokha zimakhudzidwa. Pamene madzi omwe akuyenda akuganiziridwa, vuto la kusanthula nthawi yomweyo limakhala lovuta kwambiri. Sikuti kukula ndi malangizo a tinthu tating'onoting'ono zimangoganiziridwa, komanso palinso zovuta za kukhuthala komwe kumayambitsa kupsinjika kapena kukangana pakati pa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayenda komanso pamalire omwe ali nawo. Kuyenda komwe kulipo pakati pa zinthu zosiyanasiyana za thupi lamadzi kumapangitsa kuti kupanikizika ndi kupsinjika kwa kudulidwa kwa madzi kusinthe kwambiri kuchokera pamalo amodzi kupita kwina malinga ndi momwe madzi amayendera. Chifukwa cha zovuta zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zochitika za kuyenda kwa madzi, kusanthula kolondola kwa masamu kumachitika kokha mwa ochepa, ndipo kuchokera ku malingaliro aukadaulo, milandu ina yosagwira ntchito. Chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kuthetsa mavuto a kuyenda kwa madzi pogwiritsa ntchito kuyesera, kapena kupanga malingaliro ena osavuta okwanira kuti mupeze yankho la chiphunzitso. Njira ziwirizi sizigwirizana, chifukwa malamulo oyambira a makina nthawi zonse ndi ovomerezeka ndipo amalola njira zina za chiphunzitso kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito m'milandu ingapo yofunika. Komanso ndikofunikira kudziwa mwa kuyesa kuchuluka kwa kusiyana kwa zinthu zenizeni zomwe zimachitika pambuyo pofufuza mosavuta.
Lingaliro losavuta kwambiri ndilakuti madziwo ndi abwino kapena angwiro, motero amachotsa zovuta zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madziwo akhale okhuthala. Ili ndiye maziko a hydrodynamics yakale, nthambi ya masamu ogwiritsidwa ntchito omwe alandiridwa chidwi ndi akatswiri otchuka monga Stokes, Rayleigh, Rankine, Kelvin ndi Lamb. Pali zofooka zazikulu zomwe zili mu chiphunzitso chachikale, koma popeza madzi ali ndi kukhuthala kochepa, amachita ngati madzi enieni nthawi zambiri. Pachifukwa ichi, hydrodynamics yakale ikhoza kuonedwa ngati maziko ofunikira kwambiri pakuphunzira makhalidwe a kuyenda kwa madzi. Mutu uno ukukhudza mphamvu zoyambira za kuyenda kwa madzi ndipo umagwira ntchito ngati chiyambi choyambirira cha mitu yotsatira yokhudzana ndi mavuto enieni omwe amapezeka mu ma hydraulics aukadaulo wa zomangamanga. Ma equation atatu ofunikira oyambira a kuyenda kwa madzi omwe ndi, continuity, Bernoulli, ndi momentum equation amachokera ndipo kufunika kwawo kwafotokozedwa. Pambuyo pake, zofooka za chiphunzitso chachikale zimaganiziridwa ndipo khalidwe la madzi enieni limafotokozedwa. Madzi osagwedezeka amaganiziridwa konse.
Mitundu ya kayendedwe ka madzi
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kayendedwe ka madzi imatha kugawidwa m'magulu motere:
1. Wosokonezeka komanso wopepuka
2. Yozungulira komanso yosasinthasintha
3. Wokhazikika komanso wosakhazikika
4. Yofanana ndi yosafanana.
Pampu Yotayira Madzi Yotha Kumira
Mapampu a MVS series a axial-flow Mapampu a AVS series mixed-flow (Vertical Axial flow ndi Mixed flow submersible sewage pump) ndi opanga amakono omwe adapangidwa bwino pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wamakono wakunja. Mphamvu ya mapampu atsopano ndi 20% kuposa akale. Mphamvu yake ndi 3-5% kuposa akale.
Kuyenda kwa mphepo komanso kozungulira.
Mawu awa akufotokoza momwe kayendedwe ka madzi kamayendera.
Mu kayendedwe ka madzi kosasunthika, kupita patsogolo kwa tinthu tamadzimadzi kumakhala kosakhazikika ndipo pali kusinthana kosawoneka bwino kwa malo. Tinthu tamadzimadzi timakhala ndi liwiro losinthasintha la trans. verse kotero kuti kayendedwe kake kamakhala kozungulira komanso kosalala m'malo mozungulira. Ngati utoto walowetsedwa pamalo enaake, umafalikira mofulumira mumtsinje wonse wa madzi. Mwachitsanzo, pankhani ya kayendedwe ka madzi kosasunthika mu chitoliro, kujambula nthawi yomweyo kwa liwiro pa gawo kungawonetse kufalikira koyerekeza monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 1(a). Liwiro lokhazikika, monga momwe zida zoyezera zachizolowezi zingalemberedwe, lawonetsedwa mu mzere wa madontho, ndipo zikuwoneka kuti kuyenda kosasunthika kumadziwika ndi liwiro losinthasintha losasunthika lomwe limayikidwa pa mean yokhazikika ya temporal.
Chithunzi 1(a) Kuyenda kwa mphepo
Chithunzi 1(b) Kuyenda kwa Laminar
Mu kuyenda kwa laminar, tinthu tonse tamadzimadzi timayenda m'njira zofanana ndipo palibe gawo lopingasa la liwiro. Kupita patsogolo kolongosoka ndi kwakuti tinthu tonse timatsatira njira yeniyeni ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono yomwe ili patsogolo pake popanda kupatuka kulikonse. Chifukwa chake, ulusi woonda wa utoto udzakhalabe wotero popanda kufalikira. Pali kusintha kwakukulu kwa liwiro mu kuyenda kwa laminar (Chithunzi 1b) kuposa kuyenda kwa turbulent. Mwachitsanzo, pa chitoliro, chiŵerengero cha velocity V ndi velocity yayikulu V max ndi 0,5 ndi turbulent flow ndi 0,05 ndi laminar flow.
Kuyenda kwa Laminar kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuthamanga kochepa komanso madzi okhuthala ofooka. Mu ma hydraulics a mapaipi ndi otseguka, kuthamanga kumakhala kokwanira kuti kutsimikizire kuyenda kwa turbud, ngakhale kuti laminar wosanjikiza woonda umapitirira pafupi ndi malire olimba. Malamulo a kuyenda kwa laminar amamveka bwino, ndipo pamikhalidwe yosavuta ya malire, kugawa kwa liwiro kumatha kufufuzidwa mwa masamu. Chifukwa cha kugunda kwake kosakhazikika, kuyenda kwa turbud kwalephera kugwiritsa ntchito masamu mwamphamvu, ndipo kuti tithetse mavuto enieni, ndikofunikira kudalira kwambiri ubale wa empiric kapena semiempiric.
Pampu Yozimitsa Moto Yoyimitsa Turbine
Nambala ya Chitsanzo: XBC-VTP
Mapampu olimbana ndi moto a XBC-VTP Series okhala ndi shaft yayitali ndi mndandanda wa mapampu otulutsa mpweya wa siteji imodzi, okhala ndi masitepe ambiri, opangidwa motsatira muyezo waposachedwa wa National Standard GB6245-2006. Tinakonzanso kapangidwe kake pogwiritsa ntchito muyezo wa United States Fire Protection Association. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popereka madzi a moto m'mafakitale a petrochemical, gasi lachilengedwe, malo opangira magetsi, nsalu za thonje, doko, ndege, malo osungiramo zinthu, nyumba zazitali komanso mafakitale ena. Itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito pa sitima, thanki yamadzi, sitima yamoto ndi zochitika zina zoperekera madzi.
Kuyenda kozungulira komanso kosasinthasintha.
Kuyenda kwa madzi kumanenedwa kuti kumazungulira ngati tinthu tamadzimadzi timeneti tili ndi liwiro la angular pafupi ndi pakati pake.
Chithunzi 2a chikuwonetsa kugawa kwa liwiro komwe kumayenderana ndi kuyenda kosasunthika kudutsa malire owongoka. Chifukwa cha kugawa kwa liwiro kosagwirizana, tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe tili ndi ma axes ake awiri poyamba timasinthasintha pang'ono. Mu Chithunzi 2a, kuyenda mozungulira
Njira ikufotokozedwa, ndi liwiro lofanana ndi radius. Ma ax awiri a tinthu tating'onoting'ono amazungulira mbali imodzi kotero kuti kuyenda kwake kukhale kozunguliranso.
Chithunzi 2(a) Kuyenda kozungulira
Kuti kuyenda kwa madzi kukhale kozungulira, kugawa kwa liwiro pafupi ndi malire owongoka kuyenera kukhala kofanana (Chithunzi 2b). Pankhani ya kuyenda kwa madzi munjira yozungulira, zitha kuwonetsedwa kuti kuyenda kwa madzi kozungulira kudzachitika pokhapokha ngati liwiro likugwirizana ndi radius. Poyang'ana koyamba pa Chithunzi 3, izi zikuwoneka zolakwika, koma kuwunika mosamala kukuwonetsa kuti ma axes awiriwa amazungulira mbali zosiyana kotero kuti pamakhala zotsatira zobwezera zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma axes aziyenda bwino zomwe sizikusintha kuchokera pa momwe zinalili poyamba.
Chithunzi 2(b) Kuyenda kosakhazikika
Popeza madzi onse ali ndi kukhuthala, kuchepa kwa madzi enieni sikungasokonezedwe kwenikweni, ndipo kuyenda kwa laminar kumakhala kozungulira kwambiri. Chifukwa chake kuyenda kwa irretational ndi mkhalidwe wongoganizira womwe ungakhale wofunika kwambiri pamaphunziro - pokhapokha ngati sipangakhale chifukwa chakuti nthawi zambiri kuyenda kwa turbulent makhalidwe ozungulira ndi osafunikira kwambiri kotero kuti anganyalanyazidwe. Izi ndizosavuta chifukwa ndizotheka kusanthula kuyenda kwa irretational pogwiritsa ntchito malingaliro a masamu a hydrodynamics akale omwe atchulidwa kale.
Pampu Yopita Kumadzi a Nyanja ya Centrifugal
Nambala ya Chitsanzo: ASN ASNV
Mapampu a Model ASN ndi ASNV ndi mapampu a centrifugal opangidwa ndi gawo limodzi lokha komanso ogwiritsidwa ntchito kapena oyendera madzi kuti agwire ntchito zamadzi, mpweya wozizira, nyumba, kuthirira, malo opopera madzi, malo opangira magetsi, makina operekera madzi m'mafakitale, makina ozimitsa moto, sitima, nyumba ndi zina zotero.
Kuyenda kosasinthasintha komanso kosakhazikika.
Kuyenda kwa madzi kumanenedwa kuti kumakhala kokhazikika pamene zinthu zili nthawi zonse mogwirizana ndi nthawi. Kutanthauzira kolondola kwa tanthauzoli kungapangitse kuti pakhale mfundo yakuti kuyenda kwa madzi kosasunthika sikunali kokhazikika kwenikweni. Komabe, pakadali pano ndi bwino kuona kuyenda kwa madzi ngati muyezo komanso kusinthasintha kosasinthasintha komwe kumakhudzana ndi kugwedezeka kwa madzi ngati mphamvu yachiwiri yokha. Chitsanzo chodziwikiratu cha kuyenda kokhazikika ndi kutuluka kosalekeza mu ngalande kapena njira yotseguka.
Zotsatira zake n'zakuti kuyenda kwa madzi kumakhala kosakhazikika pamene zinthu zimasiyana malinga ndi nthawi. Chitsanzo cha kuyenda kosakhazikika ndi kutuluka kwa madzi kosiyanasiyana mu ngalande kapena njira yotseguka; izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zochitika zosakhalitsa zomwe zimatsatizana, kapena kutsatiridwa ndi kutuluka kwa madzi kokhazikika. Zina zodziwika bwino
Zitsanzo za nthawi ndi nthawi ndi kayendedwe ka mafunde ndi kayendedwe ka madzi akuluakulu m'madzi oyenda pansi.
Mavuto ambiri ogwira ntchito mu uinjiniya wa hydraulic akukhudzana ndi kuyenda kokhazikika. Izi ndi zabwino, chifukwa nthawi yosinthasintha mu kuyenda kosakhazikika imavuta kwambiri kusanthula. Chifukwa chake, m'mutu uno, kuganizira za kuyenda kosakhazikika kudzangokhala pazochitika zochepa zosavuta. Komabe, ndikofunikira kukumbukira kuti zochitika zingapo zodziwika bwino za kuyenda kosakhazikika zitha kuchepetsedwa kukhala mkhalidwe wokhazikika chifukwa cha mfundo ya kuyenda koyerekeza.
Motero, vuto lokhudza chotengera choyenda m'madzi osasunthika lingasinthidwe kuti chotengeracho chikhale chokhazikika ndipo madzi akuyenda; muyezo wokhawo wofanana ndi momwe madzi amayendera ndi wakuti liwiro lofanana likhale lofanana. Apanso, kuyenda kwa mafunde m'madzi akuya kungachepetsedwe kukhala
mkhalidwe wokhazikika poganiza kuti wowonera amayenda ndi mafunde pa liwiro lomwelo.
Pampu Yoyimirira Yopangira Mphamvu
Injini ya Dizilo Vertical Turbine multistage centrifugal inline shaft water Pump Drainage Pump yamtunduwu imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popopera madzi opanda dzimbiri, kutentha kwake kuli pansi pa 60 °C, zinthu zolimba zomwe zimapachikidwa (osaphatikizapo ulusi, grits) zosakwana 150 mg/L mu zimbudzi kapena madzi otayira. Pump ya mtundu wa VTP vertical drainage ili mu mapampu amadzi otayira a mtundu wa VTP, ndipo potengera kuchuluka ndi kolala, mafuta odzola amayikidwa mu chubu. Ikhoza kusuta kutentha kochepera 60 °C, kutumiza kuti ikhale ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tolimba (monga chitsulo chodulidwa ndi mchenga wabwino, malasha, ndi zina zotero) za zimbudzi kapena madzi otayira.
Kuyenda kofanana komanso kosagwirizana.
Kuyenda kwa madzi kumanenedwa kuti ndi kofanana ngati palibe kusintha kwa kukula ndi njira ya vector ya liwiro kuchokera pamalo ena kupita kwina panjira yoyenda. Kuti zigwirizane ndi tanthauzo ili, dera la kuyenda kwa madzi ndi liwiro ziyenera kukhala zofanana pa gawo lililonse lodutsa. Kuyenda kosagwirizana kumachitika pamene vector ya liwiro imasiyana malinga ndi malo, chitsanzo chodziwika bwino ndi kuyenda pakati pa malire olumikizana kapena opatukana.
Zinthu ziwirizi zomwe zimachitika nthawi zina zimakhala zofala m'ma hydraulics open-channel, ngakhale kuti kwenikweni, popeza kuyenda kofanana nthawi zonse kumayandikira popanda zizindikiro, ndi mkhalidwe wabwino womwe umangoganiziridwa ndipo sunakwaniritsidwe kwenikweni. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti zinthuzo zimagwirizana ndi malo osati nthawi ndipo chifukwa chake pakakhala kuyenda kotsekedwa (monga mapaipi omwe ali pansi pa kupanikizika), sizidalira kwambiri momwe kuyenda kumakhalira kokhazikika kapena kosakhazikika.
Nthawi yotumizira: Marichi-29-2024