Kupu Whakataki
I roto i te upoko o mua, i whakaaturia mai ka taea te tiki ngāwari i ngā āhuatanga pāngarau tika mō ngā kaha e pā ana ki ngā wai e takoto kau ana. Nā te mea ko ngā kaha pēhanga māmā anake e uru ana ki te wairewa. Ina whakaarohia he wai e neke ana, ka nui ake te uaua o te tātari i taua wā tonu. Ehara i te mea ko te nui me te ahunga o te tere o te matūriki anake hei whakaaro, engari kei reira anō hoki te awe uaua o te matotoru e puta ai he ahotea kutikuti, he ahotea waku rānei i waenga i ngā matūriki wai e neke ana me ngā rohe pupuri. Ko te nekehanga whanaunga e taea ana i waenga i ngā huānga rerekē o te tinana wai ka rerekē te pēhanga me te ahotea kutikuti mai i tētahi pūwāhi ki tētahi atu i runga i ngā āhuatanga rere. Nā te uaua o te āhuatanga rere, ka taea noa te tātari pāngarau tika i roto i ētahi wā torutoru, ā, mai i te tirohanga hangarau, i ētahi wā kāore e taea te whakamahi. Nō reira, me whakaoti ngā raruraru rere mā te whakamātautau, mā te whakarite rānei i ētahi whakaaro ngāwari hei whiwhi i tētahi otinga ariā. Kāore ngā huarahi e rua e wehe kē ana tetahi i tetahi, nā te mea he tika tonu ngā ture taketake o te miihini, ā, ka taea te whakamahi i ngā tikanga ariā wāhanga i roto i ētahi wā nui. He mea nui anō hoki kia whakatauhia mā te whakamātautau te whānuitanga o te rerekētanga mai i ngā āhuatanga tūturu i puta mai i tētahi tātaritanga māmā.
Ko te whakaaro māmā noa iho ko te wai he tino pai, he tino tika rānei, ā, ka whakakorea ngā pānga matotoru uaua. Koinei te pūtake o te waiora tawhito, he peka o te pāngarau tono kua arohia e ngā tohunga rongonui pērā i a Stokes, Rayleigh, Rankine, Kelvin me Lamb. He nui ngā herenga ā-roto o te ariā tawhito, engari nā te mea he iti te matotoru o te wai, ka rite tana whanonga ki te wai tūturu i roto i ngā āhuatanga maha. Nā konei, ka taea te whakaaro ko te waiora tawhito he papamuri tino nui ki te ako i ngā āhuatanga o te nekehanga wai. E pā ana tēnei upoko ki ngā hihiri taketake o te nekehanga wai, ā, he kupu whakataki taketake ki ngā upoko e whai ake nei e pā ana ki ngā raruraru motuhake ake e pā ana ki te waipēhi hangarau ā-iwi. Ka ahu mai ngā whārite taketake nui e toru o te nekehanga wai, arā, ko te haere tonu, ko ngā whārite Bernoulli, me te nekehanga, ā, ka whakamāramahia ō rātou hiranga. Muri iho, ka whakaarohia ngā herenga o te ariā tawhito, ā, ka whakaahuahia te whanonga o te wai tūturu. Ka whakaarohia he wai kore e taea te pēhi puta noa.
Ngā momo rere
Ka taea te whakarōpū i ngā momo nekehanga wai penei:
1.Pūriri me te papatahi
2. Hurihuri me te kore-hurihuri
3. Pūmau, kāore hoki i te pūmau
4. Te ōrite me te kore ōrite.
Ko ngā papu rere-ā-tuaka raupapa MVS he whakaputanga hou o ngā papu rere-whakaranu raupapa AVS (papu rere-ā-tuaka poutū me te papu waipara ruku rere-whakaranu) kua hangaia angitu mā te whakamahi i ngā hangarau hou o tāwāhi. He 20% te nui ake o te kaha o ngā papu hou i ngā mea tawhito. Ko te whai huatanga he 3~5% teitei ake i ngā mea tawhito.
Te rere pōrearea me te rere laminar.
E whakaahua ana ēnei kupu i te āhua ā-tinana o te rere.
I roto i te rere pōrearea, he koretake te haere o ngā matūriki wai, ā, he āhua koretake te whakawhiti tūranga. Ka pāngia ngā matūriki takitahi e ngā tere whakawhiti-whakawhiti, kia huripokitia ai te nekehanga, kia piko, kaua ki te poutū. Mena ka werohia te tae ki tētahi wāhi, ka tere horapa puta noa i te awa rere. Hei tauira, i roto i te take o te rere pōrearea i roto i te paipa, mā te tuhi tere o te tere i tētahi wāhanga ka whakaatu i tētahi tohatoha tata e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 1(a). Ko te tere pumau, e ai ki te tuhi a ngā taputapu ine noa, ka tohua ki te rārangi ira, ā, e kitea ana ko te rere pōrearea e tohuhia ana e te tere hurihuri kore pumau e tāpirihia ana ki te toharite pumau wā.
Pikitia 1(a) Rere pōrearea
Pikitia 1(b) Rere rere noa
I roto i te rere laminar, ka haere ngā matūriki wai katoa i ngā ara whakarara, ā, kāore he wāhanga whakawhiti o te tere. Ko te haere whakamua kia rite te whai a ia matūriki i te ara o te matūriki i mua atu i a ia, me te kore he peka ke. Nō reira, ka noho tonu he miro angiangi o te tae pērā me te kore he horapa. He nui ake te pikinga tere whakawhiti i roto i te rere laminar (Pikitia 1b) i te rere pōrearea. Hei tauira, mō te paipa, ko te ōwehenga o te tere toharite V me te tere mōrahi V mōrahi ko 0,5 me te rere pōrearea me te 0,05 me te rere laminar.
E pā ana te rere o te wai rūmā ki ngā tere iti me ngā wai mātotoru matotoru. I roto i ngā pūnaha waipēhi me ngā pūnaha waipēhi tuwhera, he tata tonu te teitei o ngā tere hei whakarite i te rere pōrearea, ahakoa he paparanga rūmā angiangi kei te tata tonu ki tētahi rohe totoka. E tino mārama ana ngā ture o te rere rūmā, ā, mō ngā āhuatanga rohe ngāwari ka taea te tātari i te tohatoha tere mā te pāngarau. Nā tōna āhua pupuhi koretake, kua uaua te maimoatanga pāngarau pakari mō te rere pōrearea, ā, mō te otinga o ngā raruraru mahi, me whakawhirinaki nui ki ngā whanaungatanga ā-wheako, ā-haurua rānei.
Tauira Nama：XBC-VTP
Ko ngā papu tinei ahi poutū roa XBC-VTP Series he raupapa papu whakarara kotahi-wāhanga, maha-wāhanga, i hangaia i runga anō i te Paerewa Motu hou GB6245-2006. I whakapai ake hoki mātou i te hoahoa me te tohutoro ki te paerewa o te United States Fire Protection Association. E whakamahia ana mō te tuku wai ahi i roto i te matū hinu, te hau māori, te tipu hiko, te kakahu miro, te tauranga, te rererangi, te whare putunga, te whare teitei me ētahi atu ahumahi. Ka taea hoki te whakamahi ki te kaipuke, ki te tāke moana, ki te kaipuke tinei ahi me ētahi atu wā tuku.
Te rere hurihuri me te rere kore hurihuri.
Ka kiia te rere he hurihuri mēnā he tere koki tō ia matūriki wai i tōna ake pokapū papatipu.
E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 2a i te tohatoha tere noa e pā ana ki te rere pōrearea i tua atu i tētahi rohe tika. Nā te tohatoha tere kore-taurite, ka pāngia tētahi matūriki me ōna tuaka e rua i te tīmatanga he rerekētanga āhua me te iti o te hurihanga. I roto i te Pikitia 2a, ka rere i roto i te porowhita
Kei te whakaaturia te ara, me te tere e rite ana ki te pūtoro. Ka huri ngā tuaka e rua o te matūriki i te ahunga kotahi kia huri anō te rere.
Pikitia 2(a) Rere hurihuri
Kia kore ai e huri te rere, me ōrite te tohatoha tere e tata ana ki te rohe tika (Pikitia 2b). Mō te rere i roto i te ara porowhita, ka taea te whakaatu ko te rere kore huri ka pā anake mēnā he rite te tere ki te radius. Mai i te tirohanga tuatahi ki te Pikitia 3, he ahua hē tēnei, engari mā te tirotiro tata atu ka kitea ko ngā tuaka e rua e huri ana i ngā ahunga rerekē, ā, he pānga whakataurite ka puta he aronga toharite o ngā tuaka kāore i rerekē mai i te āhua tīmatanga.
Pikitia 2(b) Rere hurihuri korekore
Nā te mea he matotoru ngā wai katoa, ko te iti o te wai tūturu ehara i te mea he hurihuri tūturu, ā, ko te rere laminar he tino hurihuri. Nō reira, he āhua whakapae te rere hurihuri kāore e tika ana kia whai pānga ki te ao mātauranga anake mēnā kāore i te mea he iti rawa ngā āhuatanga hurihuri i roto i te maha o ngā wā o te rere pōrearea, ā, ka taea te wareware. He watea tēnei nā te mea ka taea te tātari i te rere hurihuri mā roto i ngā ariā pāngarau o te hydrodynamics matarohia i kōrerotia i mua ake nei.
Papu Haerenga Wai Moana Pūwero
Tauira Nama：ASN ASNV
Ko ngā papu tauira ASN me ASNV he papu torengi takirua-wāhanga kotahi, he mea whakamahi, he mea kawe wai rānei mō ngā mahi wai, te tohanga hauhautanga, te hanga whare, te whakamakuku whenua, te teihana papu rerenga wai, te teihana hiko, te pūnaha tuku wai ahumahi, te pūnaha tinei ahi, te kaipuke, te hanga whare me ērā atu.
Te rere pumau, te rere kore pumau.
E kiia ana he pumau te rere ina pumau tonu ngā āhuatanga i tētahi wāhi e pā ana ki te wā. Mā te whakamāramatanga tino tika o tēnei whakamāramatanga ka arahi ki te whakatau kāore i tino pumau te rere pōrearea. Heoi, mō tēnei kaupapa he pai ki te whakaaro ko te nekehanga whānui o te wai te paearu, ā, ko ngā piki me ngā heke e pā ana ki te pōrearea he awe tuarua noa iho. Ko tētahi tauira mārama o te rere pumau ko te tukunga tonu i roto i tētahi awaawa, i tētahi awa tuwhera rānei.
Hei tāpiritanga, ko te rere kāore i te pumau ina rerekē ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te wā. Ko tētahi tauira o te rere kāore i te pumau ko te rerenga rerekē i roto i te awaawa, i te awa tuwhera rānei; he āhuatanga rangitahi tēnei e whai ana i te rerenga pumau, e whai ana rānei i muri mai. Ētahi atu mea e mōhiotia ana
Ko ngā tauira o te āhua auau ake ko te nekehanga o ngā ngaru me te nekehanga hurihuri o ngā wai nui i te rerenga tai.
Ko te nuinga o ngā raruraru mahi a te hangarau waipēhi e pā ana ki te rere pumau. He waimarie tēnei, nā te mea ka uaua rawa te tātari i te taurangi wā i roto i te rere kore pumau. Nō reira, i roto i tēnei upoko, ka whakawhāitihia te whakaaro ki te rere kore pumau ki ētahi take māmā noa iho. Heoi, he mea nui kia maumahara he maha ngā tauira noa o te rere kore pumau ka taea te whakaiti ki te āhua pumau mā te mātāpono o te nekehanga whanaunga.
Nō reira, ka taea te whakarerekē i tētahi raruraru e pā ana ki tētahi waka e neke ana i roto i te wai marino kia tū tonu ai te waka, kia neke hoki te wai; ko te paearu anake mō te ōritetanga o te whanonga wai ko te rite tonu o te tere whanaunga. Anō, ka taea te whakaiti i te nekehanga o te ngaru i roto i te wai hohonu ki te
āhua pumau mā te whakaaro ka haere tahi te kaimātakitaki me ngā ngaru i te tere ōrite.
Mīhini tīhiera, Tīpene poutū, Papu Wai Whakaheke Wai, maha-wāhanga, ā-roto. Ko tēnei momo papu wai whakaheke poutū e whakamahia ana mō te papu, kāore he waikura, he pāmahana iti iho i te 60 °C, ā, ko ngā totoka i whakatārewatia (kāore i te uru te muka, te kirikiri) he iti iho i te 150 mg/L te ihirangi o te wai para, te wai paru rānei. Ko te papu wai whakaheke poutū momo VTP he momo VTP, ā, i runga i te pikinga me te kara, ka whakatakotoria te hinu whakahinuhinu ngongo ki te wai. Ka taea te paowa i te pāmahana i raro iho i te 60 °C, ka tukuna kia mau ki tētahi momo totoka (pēnei i te rino para me te onepu pai, te waro, me ētahi atu) o te wai para, te wai paru rānei.
Te rere ōrite, me te rere kore ōrite.
Ka kiia te rere he ōrite ina kore he rerekētanga o te rahi me te ahunga o te ira tere mai i tētahi pūwāhi ki tētahi atu i te ara rere. Kia tutuki ai tēnei whakamāramatanga, me ōrite te horahanga o te rere me te tere i ia whakawhiti. Ka puta te rere kore-ōrite ina rerekē te ira tere i runga i te tauwāhi, he tauira noa ko te rere i waenga i ngā rohe e hūnuku ana, e wehe ana rānei.
He mea noa ēnei āhuatanga rerekē e rua o te rere i roto i ngā waipēhi awa-tuwhera, ahakoa he pono, nā te mea ka whakatatahia te rere ōrite mā te kore tohu, he āhua pai rawa atu tēnei e tata ana ki te āhua, kāore hoki e tutuki. Me mōhio ko ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te wāhi, kaua ki te wā, nō reira, i roto i ngā take o te rere kua kati (hei tauira, ngā paipa kei raro i te pēhanga), he tino motuhake rātou i te āhua pumau, te āhua kore pumau rānei o te rere.
Wā tuku: Maehe-29-2024