Incazelo ejwayelekile
Uketshezi, njengoba igama lisho, lubonakala ngekhono lalo lokugeleza. Luhlukile koluqinile ngoba luba nokuguquguquka ngenxa yokucindezeleka kokusika, noma ngabe ukucindezeleka kokusika kungaba kuncane kangakanani. Okuwukuphela kwento edingekayo ukuthi kudlule isikhathi esanele ukuze kwenzeke ukuguquguquka. Ngale ndlela uketshezi alunasimo.
Uketshezi lungahlukaniswa lube uketshezi namagesi. Uketshezi lucindezelwa kancane futhi kuba nendawo ekhululekile uma lufakwa esitsheni esivulekile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, igesi ihlala ikhula ukuze igcwalise isitsha sayo. Umhwamuko igesi eseduze nesimo soketshezi.
Uketshezi unjiniyela akhathazeke kakhulu ngalo ngamanzi. Lungaqukatha umoya ofinyelela kumaphesenti amathathu esixazululweni esivame ukukhishwa ngaphansi kwengcindezi engaphansi komoya. Kumelwe kwenziwe amalungiselelo alokhu lapho kuklanywa amaphampu, amavalvu, amapayipi, njll.
Injini yedizili I-Vertical Turbine multistage centrifugal inline shaft water I-Drainage Pump Lolu hlobo lwe-vertical drainage pump lusetshenziswa kakhulu ekupompeni ngaphandle kokugqwala, izinga lokushisa lingaphansi kuka-60 °C, izinto eziqinile ezimisiwe (ngaphandle kwe-fiber, ama-grits) ngaphansi kuka-150 mg/L kokuqukethwe kwendle noma amanzi angcolile. I-VTP vertical drainage pump itholakala kuma-VTP type vertical water pumps, futhi ngokusekelwe ekukhuleni kanye nekhola, i-tube lubrication isetshenziswa ngamanzi. Ingabhema izinga lokushisa elingaphansi kuka-60 °C, ithumele ukuqukatha okusanhlamvu okuqinile okuthile (njenge-scrap iron kanye nesihlabathi esihle, amalahle, njll.) kwendle noma amanzi angcolile.
Izakhiwo eziyinhloko zomzimba zoketshezi zichazwa kanje:
Ubuningi (ρ)
Ubuningi boketshezi buyisisindo salo ngevolumu yeyunithi ngayinye. Kuhlelo lwe-SI luvezwa njengo-kg/m3.
Amanzi asezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu elingu-1000 kg/m23ku-4°C. Kunokwehla okuncane kobuningi ngenxa yokushisa okwandayo kodwa ngezinjongo ezingokoqobo ubuningi bamanzi buyi-1000 kg/m23.
Ubuningi obuhlobene yisilinganiso sobuningi boketshezi nobamanzi.
Isisindo esithile (w)
Isisindo esithile soketshezi yisisindo saso ngevolumu yeyunithi. Kuhlelo lwe-Si, luvezwa ku-N/m3. Emazingeni okushisa ajwayelekile, i-w ingu-9810 N/m3noma 9,81 kN/m3(cishe i-10 kN/m3 ukuze kube lula ukubala).
Amandla adonsela phansi athile (SG)
Isisindo esiqondile soketshezi yisilinganiso sobuningi bomthamo othile woketshezi nobunzima bomthamo ofanayo wamanzi. Ngakho-ke futhi kuyisilinganiso sobuningi boketshezi nobuningi bamanzi ahlanzekile, ngokuvamile konke ku-15°C.
Iphampu yokubeka umthombo womoya ohlanzekile
Inombolo Yemodeli: TWP
Amaphampu Amanzi e-Wellpoint Water Pumps azimele ochungechungeni lwe-TWP aklanyelwe ngokubambisana yi-DRAKOS PUMP yaseSingapore kanye nenkampani i-REEOFLO yaseJalimane. Lolu chungechunge lwephampu lungathutha zonke izinhlobo zezinhlayiya ezihlanzekile, ezingathathi hlangothi nezingcolisayo. Xazulula amaphutha amaningi ephampu yokuzibopha yendabuko. Lolu hlobo lwephampu yokuzibopha oluhlukile olusebenza ngokuwomile luzoba ukuqala ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi luqale kabusha ngaphandle koketshezi ekuqaleni kokuqala, Ikhanda lokumunca lingaba ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-9; Umklamo omuhle kakhulu we-hydraulic kanye nesakhiwo esiyingqayizivele kugcina ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kungaphezu kwama-75%. Futhi ukufakwa kwesakhiwo okuhlukile kokuzikhethela.
Imodulus yobuningi (k)
noma ngezinjongo ezingokoqobo, uketshezi lungabhekwa njengolungacindezeleki. Kodwa-ke, kunezimo ezithile, njengokugeleza okungazinzile emapayipini, lapho ukucindezelwa kufanele kucatshangelwe khona. I-bulk modulus of elasticity,k, inikezwa yi:
lapho u-p ewukwanda kwengcindezi okuthi uma kusetshenziswa kuvolumu u-V, kuholele ekwehleni kwevolumu u-AV. Njengoba ukwehla kwevolumu kumele kuhlotshaniswe nokwanda okulinganayo kobuningi, i-Equation 1 ingachazwa kanje:
noma amanzi, k angaba ngu-2 150 MPa emazingeni okushisa ajwayelekile kanye nokucindezela. Kulandela ukuthi amanzi angacindezelwa ngokuphindwe kayi-100 kunensimbi.
Uketshezi olufanele
Uketshezi olufanele noma oluphelele yilolo lapho kungekho khona ukucindezeleka kwe-tangential noma kwe-shear phakathi kwezinhlayiya zoketshezi. Amandla ahlala esebenza ngokujwayelekile engxenyeni ethile futhi anqunyelwe ekucindezelweni kanye namandla okusheshisa. Akukho uketshezi lwangempela oluhambisana ngokugcwele nalo mqondo, futhi kuzo zonke uketshezi oluhambayo kukhona ukucindezeleka kwe-tangential okukhona okunomthelela wokudambisa ukunyakaza. Kodwa-ke, ezinye uketshezi, kufaka phakathi amanzi, ziseduze noketshezi olufanele, futhi lokhu kucabanga okulula kwenza izindlela zezibalo noma zezithombe zisetshenziswe ekuxazululeni izinkinga ezithile zokugeleza.
Iphampu Yomlilo Eqondile Ye-Turbine
Inombolo Yemodeli: XBC-VTP
Amaphampu okulwa nomlilo aqondile e-XBC-VTP Series ayizinhla zamaphampu okusabalalisa umlilo esiteji esisodwa, anezitezi eziningi, akhiqizwa ngokuhambisana ne-National Standard GB6245-2006 yakamuva. Siphinde sathuthukisa umklamo ngokubhekisela kwendinganiso ye-United States Fire Protection Association. Isetshenziswa kakhulu ekuhlinzekeni ngamanzi omlilo kumakhemikhali kaphethiloli, igesi yemvelo, isitshalo sikagesi, indwangu kakotini, ichweba, izindiza, izindawo zokugcina impahla, izakhiwo eziphakeme kanye nezinye izimboni. Ingasebenza nasemikhumbini, ethangini lolwandle, emikhumbini yomlilo nakwezinye izenzakalo zokuhlinzeka.
Ukuthamba
Ukuqina koketshezi kuyisilinganiso sokumelana kwalo nokucindezeleka okungathinti noma okushefayo. Kuvela ekusebenzisaneni nasekuhlanganeni kwama-molecule oketshezi. Zonke izinhlayiya zangempela zine-viscosity, yize zingamazinga ahlukahlukene. Ukucindezeleka kokusika esiqinileni kuyalingana nokucindezeleka kanti ukucindezeleka kokusika esiketshezini kuyalingana nesivinini sokucindezeleka kokusika. Kulandela ukuthi akunakuba khona ukucindezeleka kokusika esiketshezini esiphumulile.
Umfanekiso 1. Ukuguqulwa kwe-Viscous
Cabanga ngoketshezi oluvalelwe phakathi kwamapuleti amabili abekwe ibanga elifushane kakhulu ngokuhlukana (Isithombe 1). Ipuleti elingezansi limile ngenkathi ipuleti eliphezulu lihamba ngesivinini v. Ukunyakaza koketshezi kucatshangwa ukuthi kwenzeka ochungechungeni lwezendlalelo ezincane kakhulu noma ama-laminae, akhululekile ukushelela elinye phezu kwelinye. Akukho ukugeleza noma ukuxokozela. Isendlalelo esiseduze nepuleti elimile siphumule kanti isendlalelo esiseduze nepuleti elihambayo sinesivinini v. Izinga lokucindezeleka kokugunda noma i-velocity gradient yi-dv/dy. I-dynamic viscosity noma, kalula, i-viscosity μ inikezwa yi-
Ukuze:
Lesi sisho sokucindezeleka okunamandla saqala ukucatshangelwa yiNewton futhi saziwa ngokuthi i-equation of viscosity kaNewton. Cishe zonke izinhlayiya zine-coefficient engaguquki yokulingana futhi zibizwa ngokuthi izinhlayiya zaseNewtonian.
Isithombe 2. Ubudlelwano phakathi kokucindezeleka kokugunda izinwele kanye nezinga lokucindezeleka kokugunda izinwele.
Isibalo 2 siwumfanekiso ocacile weSilinganiso 3 futhi sibonisa ukuziphatha okuhlukene kwezinto eziqinile kanye noketshezi ngaphansi kokucindezeleka kokucheba.
Ukuqaqamba kuvezwa kuma-centipoise (ama-Pa.s noma ama-N/m2).
Ezinkingeni eziningi eziphathelene nokunyakaza koketshezi, i-viscosity ivela ngobuningi ngesimo esingu-μ/p (ngaphandle kwamandla) futhi kulula ukusebenzisa igama elilodwa elithi v, elaziwa ngokuthi i-kinematic viscosity.
Inani lika-ν lamafutha anzima lingase lifinyelele ku-900 x 10-6m2/s, kanti emanzini, anokuthamba okuphansi kakhulu, angama-1,14 x 10?m2/s kuphela ku-15° C. Ukuthamba kwe-kinematic koketshezi kuncipha ngokushisa okwandayo. Emazingeni okushisa egumbi, ukuthamba kwe-kinematic komoya cishe kuphindwe izikhathi eziyi-13 kunokwamanzi.
Ukuqina kobuso kanye nokuqina kwe-capillarity
Qaphela:
Ubumbano luwukukhanga kwama-molecule afanayo komunye nomunye.
Ukunamathelana kuyindlela ama-molecule angafani athanda ngayo.
Ukucindezeleka kobuso kuyisici esibonakalayo esenza ukuthi ithonsi lamanzi libanjwe limiswe empompini, isitsha sigcwaliswe ngoketshezi ngaphezu komphetho kodwa singachitheki noma inaliti intante ebusweni boketshezi. Zonke lezi zenzakalo zibangelwa ukuhlangana phakathi kwama-molecule ebusweni boketshezi oluhambisana nolunye uketshezi olungaxubeki noma igesi. Kunjengokungathi ubuso buqukethe ulwelwesi olunwebekayo, olucindezelwe ngokulinganayo, oluvame ukufinyela indawo engaphezulu. Ngakho-ke sithola ukuthi amabhamuza egesi oketshezini kanye namaconsi omswakama emoyeni acishe abe yindilinga.
Amandla okucindezela ubuso kunoma yimuphi umugqa ocatshangwayo endaweni ekhululekile alingana nobude bomugqa futhi asebenza ngendlela eqondile kuwo. Ukucindezela ubuso ngobude beyunithi kuvezwa ku-mN/m. Ubukhulu bawo buncane kakhulu, cishe bungu-73 mN/m ngamanzi athintana nomoya ekushiseni kwegumbi. Kunokwehla okuncane kwamashumi okucindezela ubuso.ikuqhubeka nokushisa okwandayo.
Eziningi zezicelo kuma-hydraulics, ukucindezeleka kobuso akubalulekile kangako ngoba amandla ahlobene nawo ngokuvamile awabalulekile uma kuqhathaniswa namandla e-hydrostatic kanye ne-dynamic. Ukucindezeleka kobuso kubaluleke kakhulu lapho kukhona ubuso obukhululekile futhi ubukhulu bomngcele buncane. Ngakho-ke esimweni samamodeli e-hydraulic, imiphumela yokucindezeleka kobuso, engabalulekile kumodeli, ingathinta ukuziphatha kokugeleza kumodeli, futhi lo mthombo wephutha ekulingiseni kumele ucatshangelwe lapho kuchazwa imiphumela.
Imiphumela yokucindezeleka kobuso ibonakala kakhulu endabeni yamapayipi amancane avulekele emoyeni. Lokhu kungathatha isimo samapayipi e-manometer elabhorethri noma ama-pores avulekile enhlabathini. Isibonelo, lapho ipayipi elincane lengilazi licwiliswa emanzini, kuzotholakala ukuthi amanzi akhuphuka ngaphakathi kwepayipi, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 3.
Ubuso bamanzi epayipini, noma i-meniscus njengoba ibizwa kanjalo, bugobile phezulu. Lesi simo saziwa ngokuthi i-capillarity, kanti ukuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kwamanzi nengilazi kubonisa ukuthi ukuhlangana kwangaphakathi kwamanzi kuncane kunokunamathelana phakathi kwamanzi nengilazi. Ukucindezela kwamanzi ngaphakathi kwepayipi eliseduze nendawo ekhululekile kuncane kunomoya.
Isithombe 3. Ubukhulu be-Capillarity
I-Mercury iziphatha ngendlela ehlukile, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 3(b). Njengoba amandla okubumbana amakhulu kunamandla okunamathela, i-engeli yokuxhumana inkulu futhi i-meniscus inobuso obugobile emkhathini futhi icindezelwe. Ingcindezi eseduze nendawo ekhululekile inkulu kuneyomoya.
Imiphumela ye-capillarity kuma-manometer kanye nezibuko zokulinganisa ingagwenywa ngokusebenzisa amashubhu angengaphansi kuka-10 mm ububanzi.
Iphampu Yokuya Emanzini Olwandle Oluphakathi
Inombolo Yemodeli: I-ASN ASNV
Amaphampu e-ASN kanye ne-ASNV ayizimpompi ze-centrifugal ezisetshenziswa njenge-single-stage double suction split volute casing kanye nokuthuthwa okusetshenzisiwe noma okuwuketshezi kwemisebenzi yamanzi, ukujikeleza komoya opholile, isakhiwo, ukuchelela, isiteshi sokumpompa amanzi, isiteshi sikagesi, uhlelo lokuphakelwa kwamanzi ezimbonini, uhlelo lokulwa nomlilo, imikhumbi, isakhiwo nokunye.
Umfutho womusi
Ama-molecule e-liquid anamandla anele e-kinetic akhishwa emzimbeni oyinhloko woketshezi endaweni yawo ekhululekile bese edlula aye emphefumulweni. Ingcindezi ekhishwa yilo mhwamuko yaziwa ngokuthi ingcindezi yomhwamuko, i-P,. Ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa kuhlotshaniswa nokushukuma okukhulu kwama-molecule ngakho-ke ukwanda kwengcindezi yomhwamuko. Lapho ingcindezi yomhwamuko ilingana nengcindezi yegesi engenhla kwayo, uketshezi luyabila. Ingcindezi yomhwamuko wamanzi ku-15°C ingu-1,72 kPa(1,72 kN/m2).2).
Ingcindezi yomoya
Ingcindezi yomkhathi ebusweni bomhlaba ilinganiswa yi-barometer. Ezingeni lolwandle ingcindezi yomkhathi ilinganiselwa ku-101 kPa futhi ilinganiswa ngaleli nani. Kukhona ukwehla kwengcindezi yomkhathi ngokuphakama; isibonelo, ku-1 500m yehliswa ibe ngu-88 kPa. Ikholomu yamanzi elingana nayo inokuphakama okungu-10,3 m ezingeni lolwandle, futhi ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-water barometer. Ukuphakama kungokombono, njengoba ingcindezi yomkhathi wamanzi ingavimbela ukutholakala kwe-vacuum ephelele. I-Mercury iwuketshezi lwe-barometric oluphakeme kakhulu, njengoba inomfutho womkhathi ophansi. Futhi, ukuminyana kwayo okuphezulu kuphumela kukholomu yokuphakama okufanelekile - cishe u-0,75 m ezingeni lolwandle.
Njengoba izingcindezi eziningi ezitholakala kuma-hydraulic zingaphezu kwengcindezi yomoya futhi zilinganiswa ngamathuluzi aqopha ngokulinganisela, kulula ukubheka ingcindezi yomoya njenge-datum, okungukuthi u-zero. Izingcindezi zibizwa ngokuthi izingcindezi ze-gauge uma zingaphezu kwengcindezi yomoya kanye ne-vacuum uma zingaphansi kwayo. Uma ingcindezi ye-zero yangempela ithathwa njenge-datum, izingcindezi kuthiwa ziphelele. ESahlukweni 5 lapho kuxoxwa khona nge-NPSH, zonke izibalo zivezwa ngamagama e-barometer yamanzi aphelele, izinga le-iesea = 0 bar gauge = 1 bar absolute =101 kPa=10,3 m amanzi.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Mashi-20-2024