Tsananguro yakajairika
Sezvinoreva zita racho, mvura inoyerera inoratidzwa nekukwanisa kwayo kuyerera. Inosiyana neyakasimba pakuti inoshanduka-shanduka nekuda kwekusvetwa, zvisinei nekuti kusvetwa kwayo kudiki sei. Chinokosha chete ndechekuti nguva yakakwana inofanira kupfuura kuti kushanduka kwacho kuitike. Mupfungwa iyi mvura haina chimiro.
Mvura inogona kupatsanurwa kuita mvura negasi. Mvura inongomanikidzwa zvishoma uye panenge paine nzvimbo yakasununguka kana ikaiswa mumudziyo wakashama. Kune rumwe rutivi, gasi rinogara richikura kuti rizadze mudziyo waro. Utsi igasi riri pedyo nemamiriro emvura.
Mvura inonyanya kutaurwa nezvayo neinjiniya imvura. Inogona kunge iine mhepo inosvika zvikamu zvitatu kubva muzana iyo inowanzo sunungurwa kana paine kumanikidzwa kwemhepo. Izvi zvinofanirwa kuitwa pakugadzira mapombi, mavharuvhu, mapaipi, nezvimwewo.
Injini yedhiziri Vertical Turbine multistage centrifugal inline shaft water Drainage Pump Rudzi urwu rwepombi yemvura inoyerera inoshandiswa zvakanyanya pakupomba isina ngura, tembiricha iri pasi pe60 °C, zvinhu zvakasimba zvakasungirirwa (kusasanganisira fiber, grits) pasi pe150 mg/L yemvura yetsvina kana tsvina. Pombi yemvura inoyerera yemhando yeVTP iri mumapombi emvura anotenderera emhando yeVTP, uye zvichibva pakuwedzera uye kora, chubhu inoisa mafuta emafuta mumvura. Inogona kupfungaira tembiricha iri pasi pe60 °C, kutumira kuti ive netsanga yakasimba (senge simbi yakapwanyika nejecha rakanaka, marasha, nezvimwewo) yetsvina kana mvura yakasviba.
Hunhu hukuru hwemvura hunotsanangurwa seinotevera:
Kuwanda (ρ)
Kuwanda kwemvura kunoreva huremu hwayo pahuwandu hweyuniti. Muhurongwa hweSI hunoratidzwa se kg/m3.
Mvura ine density yepamusoro ye1000 kg/m23pa4°C. Kuwanda kwemvura kunowedzera kuderera asi kana zvikaitika, huwandu hwemvura hunosvika 1000 kg/m2.3.
Kuwanda kwemvura (relative density) zvinoreva huwandu hwemvura iri mumvura.
Huremu hwakatarwa (w)
Huremu hwemvura hunoreva huremu hwayo pahuwandu hweyuniti. MuSi system, inoburitswa muN/m3Patembiricha dzakajairika, w i9810 N/m3kana 9,81 kN/m3(inenge 10 kN/m3 kuti zvive nyore kuverenga).
Simba regiravhiti (SG)
Huremu hwemvura chaiyo ihuremu hwehuwandu hwemvura yakapihwa nehuremu hwehuwandu hwemvura yakaenzana. Saka ihuremuwo hwehuwandu hwemvura yakawanikwa nehuremu hwemvura yakachena, kazhinji pa15°C.
Pombi yekuisa pombi yemvura inotonhorera
Nhamba yeModhero: TWP
Mapombi emvura eTWP akatevedzana anofambiswa neInjini yeDiesel inozvigadzira ega. Mapombi emvura eWellpoint ekukurumidza akagadzirwa pamwe chete neDRAKOS PUMP yeSingapore nekambani yeREEOFLO yeGermany. Pombi iyi inogona kutakura marudzi ese enzvimbo yakachena, isina divi uye inoparadza ine zvidimbu. Gadzirisa zvikanganiso zvakawanda zvechinyakare zvepombi inozvigadzira yega. Rudzi urwu rwepombi inozvigadzira yega chimiro chakasarudzika chekushanda chakaoma chichatanga otomatiki uye kutangazve pasina mvura yekutanga, Musoro wekusveta unogona kupfuura 9 m; Dhizaini yakanaka ye hydraulic uye chimiro chakasarudzika chinochengetedza kushanda kwepamusoro kupfuura 75%. Uye kuiswa kwechimiro chakasiyana kune sarudzo.
Modulus yehukuru (k)
kana kuti zvinangwa zvinoshanda, mvura inogona kuonekwa seisingapindiki. Zvisinei, kune dzimwe nguva, dzakadai sekuyerera kusina kugadzikana mumapaipi, apo kudzvanywa kunofanira kufungwa nezvako. Modulus yakawanda ye elasticity,k, inopiwa na:
apo p iri kuwedzera kwekumanikidzwa uko, kana kukashandiswa pavhoriyamu V, kunoguma nekuderera kwevhoriyamu AV. Sezvo kudzikira kwevhoriyamu kuchifanira kunge kwakabatana nekuwedzera kwakaenzana kwehuwandu, Equation 1 inogona kutsanangurwa seizvi:
kana mvura, k inenge 2 150 MPa patembiricha nedzvinyiriro zvakajairika. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mvura inogona kudzvanywa kanenge ka100 kupfuura simbi.
Mvura yakakodzera
Mvura yakakwana kana yakakwana imvura isina kumanikidzwa kana kuchekwa pakati pezvikamu zvemvura. Masimba acho anogara achiita zvakajairika pachikamu uye anogumira pakumanikidzwa uye masimba anokurumidza. Hapana mvura chaiyo inoenderana zvizere nepfungwa iyi, uye kune mvura dzese dziri kufamba pane kumanikidzwa kwemvura kunowanikwa kune kushushikana kwemvura kunoderedza kufamba. Zvisinei, zvimwe zvinwiwa, kusanganisira mvura, zviri pedyo nemvura yakakodzera, uye fungidziro iyi yakapfava inoita kuti nzira dzemasvomhu kana dzemifananidzo dzishandiswe mukugadzirisa mamwe matambudziko ekuyerera kwemvura.
Pombi yemoto yeTurbine yakatwasuka
Nhamba yeModhero: XBC-VTP
Mapombi ekudzivirira moto eXBC-VTP Series akamira kwenguva refu akagadzirwa nemapombi emhando imwe chete, ane nhanho dzakawanda, akagadzirwa zvichienderana neNational Standard GB6245-2006 yazvino. Takavandudzawo dhizaini tichitarisa mwero weUnited States Fire Protection Association. Anonyanya kushandiswa pakugovera mvura yemoto mumafuta, gasi rechisikigo, chiteshi chemagetsi, machira edonje, chiteshi chengarava, ndege, nzvimbo yekuchengetera zvinhu, zvivakwa zvepamusoro-soro nedzimwe nzvimbo. Inogona zvakare kushandiswa kuzvikepe, matangi egungwa, ngarava dzemoto nedzimwe nzvimbo dzekupa zvinhu.
Kusviba
Kusimba kwemvura kunoratidza kuti mvura haikwanise kusimba kana kuti haikwanise kusimba. Izvi zvinobva mukubatana uye kubatana kwemamorekuru emvura. Mvura chaiyo yese ine kusimba, kunyangwe iine mwero wakasiyana. Kusimba kwemvura muchinhu chakasimba kunoenderana nekusimba asi kusimba kwemvura muchinhu chakasimba kunoenderana nekusimba kwemvura. Izvi zvinoreva kuti hapana kusimba kwemvura mumvura iri pazororo.
Mufananidzo 1. Kuchinja kweViscous
Funga nezvemvura yakavharirwa pakati pemaplate maviri ari kure kure (Mufananidzo 1). Plate yepasi haina kumira nepo plate yepamusoro ichifamba nekumhanya v. Kufamba kwemvura kunofungidzirwa kuti kunoitika muzvikamu zvitete zvisingaperi kana laminae, zvakasununguka kutsvedza rimwe pamusoro perimwe. Hapana kuyambuka kana kutenderera. Layer iri pedyo neplate isina kumira iri pakuzorora nepo layer iri pedyo neplate inofamba ine kumhanya v. Mwero wekuchekwa kwesimbi kana kumhanya kwekukurumidza ndeye dv/dy. Kupenya kwakasimba kana, zviri nyore, viscosity μ inopiwa ne
Kuti:
Kutaura uku kwe viscous stress kwakatanga kutaurwa naNewton uye kunozivikanwa seNewton's equation of viscosity. Zvinenge zvese zvinwiwa zvine coefficient of proportionality uye zvinonzi Newtonnian fluids.
Mufananidzo 2. Hukama huripo pakati pekumanikidzwa kwekugera uye mwero wekumanikidzwa kwekugera.
Mufananidzo wechipiri inomiririra Equation 3 uye unoratidza maitiro akasiyana ezvinhu zvakasimba nezvinwiwa zviri pasi pekuchekwa kwesimbi.
Viscosity inoratidzwa mumacentipoises (Pa.s kana Ns/m2).
Mumatambudziko akawanda ane chekuita nekufamba kwemvura, viscosity inoonekwa ne density muchimiro che μ/p (zvisinei nesimba) uye zviri nyore kushandisa izwi rimwe chete v, rinozivikanwa se kinematic viscosity.
Kukosha kwe ν kwemafuta anorema kunogona kusvika 900 x 10-6m2/s, nepo mvura, ine viscosity yakaderera, inongori 1,14 x 10?m2/s pa15° C. Kinematic viscosity yemvura inoderera nekupisa kuri kuwedzera. Pakupisa kwemumba, kinematic viscosity yemhepo inopetwa ka13 kupfuura yemvura.
Kushushikana kwepamusoro uye capillarity
Cherechedza:
Kubatana ndiko kukwezvana kuripo pakati pemamorekuru akafanana.
Kunamatira ndiko kukwezvana kuripo pakati pemamorekuru akasiyana.
Kusimba kwemvura pamusoro pemvura (surface tension) ndiko kunoita kuti donhwe remvura rikwanise kubatwa rakasungirirwa papombi, mudziyo ugozadzwa nemvura pamusoro pemuromo asi usingaderere kana kuti tsono ifambe pamusoro pemvura. Zvese izvi zvinokonzerwa nekubatana kwemamorekuru pamusoro pemvura inobatanidza imwe mvura kana gasi risingasanganisike. Zvinoita sekunge pamusoro payo pane membrane inonamira, yakasimbiswa zvakaenzana, iyo inogara ichigumburisa nzvimbo yepamusoro. Saka tinoona kuti mabhuru egasi ari mumvura nemadonhwe ehunyoro mumhepo ane chimiro chedenderedzwa.
Simba rekumanikidzwa kwepamusoro pemutsetse wekufungidzira panzvimbo yakasununguka rinoenderana nehurefu hwemutsetse uye rinoshanda nenzira yakatarisana nawo. Kumanikidzwa kwepamusoro pehurefu hweyuniti imwe neimwe kunoratidzwa mu mN/m. Hukuru hwayo hudiki, hunenge 73 mN/m yemvura inosangana nemhepo patembiricha yemumba. Pane kudzikira kudiki kwemakumi epamusoro pemvura.itembiricha iri kuwedzera.
Muzvizhinji zvekushandiswa muma hydraulics, kusimba kwenzvimbo hakuna kukosha zvakanyanya sezvo masimba anobatanidzwa anowanzo kuve mashoma kana tichienzanisa nemasimba e hydrostatic uye dynamic. Kusimba kwenzvimbo kunokosha chete kana paine nzvimbo yakasununguka uye miganhu yacho iri midiki. Saka kana iri ma hydraulic models, mhedzisiro yekusimba kwenzvimbo, iyo isingakoshi mu prototype, inogona kukanganisa maitiro ekuyerera kwenzvimbo mu modhi, uye iyi tsime rekukanganisa mu simulation rinofanira kufungwa nezvaro pakududzira mhedzisiro.
Mhedzisiro yekukakavadzana pamusoro pemvura inonyanya kuonekwa kana paine machubhu egomba diki rakavhurika mumhepo. Izvi zvinogona kutora chimiro chemachubhu emanometer murabhoritari kana maburi akavhurika muvhu. Semuenzaniso, kana chubhu diki yegirazi ikanyikwa mumvura, zvinoonekwa kuti mvura inokwira mukati mechubhu, sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 3.
Pamusoro pemvura muchubhu, kana kuti meniscus sezvainodanwa, pane denderedzwa rakakwira kumusoro. Chiitiko ichi chinozivikanwa se capillarity, uye kubatana kwetangential pakati pemvura negirazi kunoratidza kuti kubatana kwemukati kwemvura kushoma pane kubatana pakati pemvura negirazi. Kumanikidzwa kwemvura mukati mechubhu iri pedyo nepamusoro kwakasununguka kushoma pane kwemhepo.
Mufananidzo 3. Kukwana kweropa
Mercury inoita zvakasiyana, sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 3(b). Sezvo masimba ekubatana akakura kupfuura masimba ekubatana, kona yekubatana yakakura uye meniscus ine chiso chakakombama kune mhepo uye yakaderedzwa. Kumanikidzwa kuri pedyo nepamusoro penzvimbo yakasununguka kwakakura kupfuura kwemhepo.
Kukanganiswa kwe capillarity muma manometers nema gauge glasses kunogona kudzivirirwa nekushandisa machubhu asina dhayamita iri pasi pe10 mm.
Pombi Yekuenda Kumvura Yegungwa reCentrifugal
Nhamba yeModhero: ASN ASNV
Mapombi emhando yeASN neASNV ipombi dzecentrifugal dzinoshandiswa padanho rimwe chete dzinoshandiswa pakubvisa mvura, dzinofambisa mhepo inotonhodza, dzinovaka, dzinodiridza, dzinofambisa mvura, dzinoshandisa magetsi, dzinoshandisa mvura mumaindasitiri, dzinodzima moto, dzinoshandisa ngarava, dzinovaka nezvimwewo.
Kumanikidzwa kwemhepo
Mamorekuru emvura ane simba rakakwana rekinetic anoburitswa kubva mumuviri mukuru wemvura panzvimbo yayo yakasununguka opinda mumhepo. Kumanikidzwa kunoitwa nemhepo iyi kunozivikanwa semhepo inomanikidza, P,. Kuwedzera kwekupisa kunobatanidzwa nekukanganiswa kukuru kwemamorekuru uye nokudaro kuwedzera kwemhepo inomanikidza. Kana mhepo inomanikidza yakaenzana nekumanikidzwa kwegasi riri pamusoro payo, mvura inofashaira. Kumanikidzwa kwemhepo inotenderera yemvura pa15°C i1,72 kPa(1,72 kN/m2).
Kumanikidzwa kwemhepo
Kumanikidzwa kwemhepo iri pamusoro penyika kunoyerwa ne barometer. Pamwero wegungwa, kumanikidzwa kwemhepo kunosvika paavhareji ye101 kPa uye kunoenzaniswa nechiyero ichi. Kune kudzikira kwekumanikidzwa kwemhepo nekukwirira; semuenzaniso, pa 1 500m kunoderedzwa kusvika 88 kPa. Chikamu chemvura chakaenzana nekukwirira kwe 10,3 m pamwero wegungwa, uye chinowanzonzi water barometer. Kureba uku kunofungidzirwa, sezvo kumanikidzwa kwemhepo yemvura kwaizodzivisa vacuum yakakwana. Mercury imvura ye barometric iri nani, sezvo ine kumanikidzwa kwemhepo kushoma. Zvakare, kuwanda kwayo kwepamusoro kunoita kuti pave nekoramu yakakwira zvine mwero - inenge 0,75 m pamwero wegungwa.
Sezvo kumanikidzwa kwakawanda kunosangana mu hydraulics kuri pamusoro pe pressure yemumhepo uye kuchiyerwa nemidziyo inorekodha zvakaenzana, zviri nyore kuona kumanikidzwa kwemumhepo se datum, kureva zero. Kumanikidzwa kunonzi gauge pressures kana kuri pamusoro pe pressure yemumhepo uye vacuum pressures kana kuri pasi payo. Kana zero chaiyo pressure ikatorwa se datum, kumanikidzwa kunonzi kwakakwana. MuChitsauko 5 apo NPSH inokurukurwa, nhamba dzese dzinoratidzwa mu absolute water barometer terms, iesea level = 0 bar gauge = 1 bar absolute = 101 kPa=10,3 m water.
Nguva yekutumira: Kurume-20-2024