Kufotokozera konse
Madzi, monga momwe dzinalo likusonyezera, amadziwika ndi kuthekera kwake kuyenda. Amasiyana ndi olimba chifukwa amasinthasintha chifukwa cha kupsinjika kwa shear, ngakhale kupsinjika kwa shear kungakhale kochepa bwanji. Chofunikira chokha ndichakuti nthawi yokwanira iyenera kudutsa kuti kusinthaku kuchitike. Mwanjira imeneyi madziwo alibe mawonekedwe.
Madzi amatha kugawidwa m'zinyalala ndi mpweya. Madzi amatha kupanikizika pang'ono ndipo pamakhala malo omasuka akayikidwa mu chidebe chotseguka. Kumbali ina, mpweya nthawi zonse umakula kuti udzaze chidebe chake. Nthunzi ndi mpweya womwe uli pafupi ndi momwe madzi alili.
Madzi omwe mainjiniya amaganizira kwambiri ndi madzi. Akhoza kukhala ndi mpweya wokwana magawo atatu pa zana womwe umatulutsidwa pansi pa mlengalenga. Payenera kukhala njira yopangira izi popanga mapampu, ma valve, mapaipi, ndi zina zotero.
Pampu Yoyimirira Yopangira Mphamvu
Injini ya Dizilo Vertical Turbine multistage centrifugal inline shaft water Pump Drainage Pump yamtunduwu imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popopera madzi opanda dzimbiri, kutentha kwake kuli pansi pa 60 °C, zinthu zolimba zomwe zimapachikidwa (osaphatikizapo ulusi, grits) zosakwana 150 mg/L mu zimbudzi kapena madzi otayira. Pump ya mtundu wa VTP vertical drainage ili mu mapampu amadzi otayira a mtundu wa VTP, ndipo potengera kuchuluka ndi kolala, mafuta odzola amayikidwa mu chubu. Ikhoza kusuta kutentha kochepera 60 °C, kutumiza kuti ikhale ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tolimba (monga chitsulo chodulidwa ndi mchenga wabwino, malasha, ndi zina zotero) za zimbudzi kapena madzi otayira.
Makhalidwe akuluakulu a madzi akufotokozedwa motere:
Kuchulukana (ρ)
Kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi kulemera kwake pa voliyumu ya unit. Mu dongosolo la SI limafotokozedwa ngati kg/m3.
Madzi ali ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa 1000 kg/m23pa 4°C. Pali kuchepa pang'ono kwa kuchulukana kwa madzi ndi kutentha komwe kumakwera koma pazifukwa zomveka, kuchulukana kwa madzi ndi 1000 kg/m23.
Kuchulukana kwa madzi ndi chiŵerengero cha kuchulukana kwa madzi ndi kuchulukana kwa madzi.
Kulemera koyenera (w)
Unyinji weniweni wa madzi ndi kulemera kwake pa voliyumu ya unit. Mu dongosolo la Si, limafotokozedwa mu N/m3Pa kutentha kwabwinobwino, w ndi 9810 N/m3kapena 9,81 kN/m3(pafupifupi 10 kN/m23 kuti zikhale zosavuta kuwerengera).
Mphamvu yokoka yeniyeni (SG)
Mphamvu yeniyeni ya madzi ndi chiŵerengero cha kulemera kwa voliyumu inayake ya madzi ndi kulemera kwa voliyumu yomweyo ya madzi. Motero ndi chiŵerengero cha kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi oyera, nthawi zambiri kutentha konse pa 15°C.
Pumpu yopangira chitsime cha vacuum
Nambala ya Chitsanzo: TWP
Mapampu amadzi a injini ya dizilo oyenda okha a TWP odzipangira okha ntchito zadzidzidzi amapangidwa ndi DRAKOS PUMP ya ku Singapore ndi kampani ya REEOFLO ya ku Germany. Pampu iyi imatha kunyamula mitundu yonse ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono toyera, topanda ndale komanso towononga tomwe tili ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Kuthetsa mavuto ambiri achikhalidwe a pampu yodzipangira yokha. Mtundu uwu wa pampu yodzipangira yokha ndi kapangidwe kake kouma komwe kamakhala koyambira kokha komanso koyambitsanso popanda madzi poyambira koyamba, Mutu wokoka ukhoza kukhala woposa 9 m; Kapangidwe kabwino kwambiri ka hydraulic ndi kapangidwe kake kapadera kamapangitsa kuti magwiridwe antchito apamwamba akhale opitilira 75%. Ndipo kuyika kwa kapangidwe kosiyana ndi kwina kulikonse kosankha.
Modulus ya bulk (k)
kapena ntchito zothandiza, zakumwa zingaonedwe ngati zosagwedezeka. Komabe, pali zochitika zina, monga kuyenda kosakhazikika m'mapaipi, komwe kupsinjika kuyenera kuganiziridwa. Modulus ya bulk of elasticity,k, imaperekedwa ndi:
pomwe p ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kuthamanga komwe, kukagwiritsidwa ntchito pa voliyumu V, kumapangitsa kuti voliyumu ichepe AV. Popeza kuchepa kwa voliyumu kuyenera kugwirizanitsidwa ndi kuwonjezeka kofanana kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu, Equation 1 ikhoza kufotokozedwa motere:
kapena madzi, k ndi pafupifupi 2 150 MPa pa kutentha ndi kupanikizika kwabwinobwino. Izi zikutanthauza kuti madzi ndi opanikizika kwambiri kuwirikiza ka 100 kuposa chitsulo.
Madzi abwino kwambiri
Madzi abwino kapena angwiro ndi omwe alibe kupsinjika kwa tangential kapena shear pakati pa tinthu ta madzi. Mphamvu nthawi zonse zimagwira ntchito bwino pagawo ndipo zimangodalira kupanikizika ndi mphamvu zofulumira. Palibe madzi enieni omwe amatsatira bwino lingaliro ili, ndipo pamadzi onse omwe akuyenda pali kupsinjika kwa tangential komwe kumakhala ndi mphamvu yochepetsera kuyenda. Komabe, madzi ena, kuphatikiza madzi, ali pafupi ndi madzi abwino, ndipo lingaliro losavuta ili limalola njira zamasamu kapena zojambula kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito pothetsa mavuto ena oyenda.
Pampu Yozimitsa Moto Yoyimitsa Turbine
Nambala ya Chitsanzo: XBC-VTP
Mapampu olimbana ndi moto a XBC-VTP Series okhala ndi shaft yayitali ndi mndandanda wa mapampu otulutsa mpweya wa siteji imodzi, okhala ndi masitepe ambiri, opangidwa motsatira muyezo waposachedwa wa National Standard GB6245-2006. Tinakonzanso kapangidwe kake pogwiritsa ntchito muyezo wa United States Fire Protection Association. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popereka madzi a moto m'mafakitale a petrochemical, gasi lachilengedwe, malo opangira magetsi, nsalu za thonje, doko, ndege, malo osungiramo zinthu, nyumba zazitali komanso mafakitale ena. Itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito pa sitima, thanki yamadzi, sitima yamoto ndi zochitika zina zoperekera madzi.
Kukhuthala
Kukhuthala kwa madzi ndi muyeso wa kukana kwake ku kupsinjika kwa tangential kapena shear. Kumachokera ku kuyanjana ndi kugwirizana kwa mamolekyulu amadzimadzi. Madzi onse enieni ali ndi kukhuthala, ngakhale m'madigiri osiyanasiyana. Kupsinjika kwa shear mu chinthu cholimba kumafanana ndi kupsinjika pomwe kupsinjika kwa shear mu madzimadzi kumafanana ndi liwiro la kupsinjika kwa shear. Chifukwa chake, sipangakhale kupsinjika kwa shear mu madzi omwe ali pamalopo.
Chithunzi 1. Kusintha kwa viscous
Taganizirani za madzi ozungulira pakati pa mbale ziwiri zomwe zili mtunda waufupi kwambiri (Chithunzi 1). Mbale yapansi ndi yokhazikika pomwe mbale yapamwamba ikuyenda mothamanga v. Kuyenda kwa madzi kumaganiziridwa kuti kumachitika m'magulu angapo owonda kwambiri kapena laminae, omasuka kutsetsereka chimodzi pamwamba pa chinzake. Palibe kuyenda kodutsa kapena kugwedezeka. Mzere woyandikana ndi mbale yokhazikika uli pamalo pomwe mzera woyandikana ndi mbale yosuntha uli ndi liwiro v. Kuthamanga kwa kudulidwa kapena kusinthasintha kwa liwiro ndi dv/dy. Kukhuthala kwamphamvu kapena, mwachidule, kukhuthala μ kumaperekedwa ndi
Ndicholinga choti:
Mawu awa a viscous stress adanenedwa koyamba ndi Newton ndipo amadziwika kuti Newton's equation of viscosity. Pafupifupi madzi onse ali ndi coefficient of proportionality ndipo amatchedwa Newtonnian fluids.
Chithunzi 2. Ubale pakati pa kupsinjika kwa kudula ndi kuchuluka kwa kupsinjika kwa kudula.
Chithunzi 2 ndi chithunzi cha Equation 3 ndipo chikuwonetsa machitidwe osiyanasiyana a zinthu zolimba ndi zamadzimadzi zomwe zimadulidwa.
Kukhuthala kumaonekera mu ma centipoise (Pa.s kapena Ns/m2).
Mu mavuto ambiri okhudza kuyenda kwa madzi, kukhuthala kumawonekera ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi mu mawonekedwe a μ/p (osadalira mphamvu) ndipo ndikosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito mawu amodzi v, otchedwa kinematic viscosity.
Mtengo wa ν wa mafuta olemera ukhoza kufika pa 900 x 10-6m2/s, pomwe madzi, omwe ali ndi kukhuthala kochepa, ndi 1,14 x 10?m2/s yokha pa 15° C. Kukhuthala kwa kinematic kwa madzi kumachepa kutentha kukakwera. Pa kutentha kwa chipinda, kukhuthala kwa kinematic kwa mpweya kumakhala pafupifupi nthawi 13 kuposa madzi.
Kuthamanga kwa pamwamba ndi capillarity
Zindikirani:
Mgwirizano ndi chikoka chomwe mamolekyu ofanana amakhala nacho kwa wina ndi mnzake.
Kugwirizana ndi chinthu chomwe mamolekyu osiyana amakoka wina ndi mnzake.
Kukanika kwa pamwamba ndi chinthu chomwe chimalola dontho la madzi kusungidwa mu pompo, chotengera chodzazidwa ndi madzi pang'ono pamwamba pa m'mphepete koma osataya kapena singano kuyandama pamwamba pa madzi. Zonsezi zimachitika chifukwa cha mgwirizano pakati pa mamolekyu pamwamba pa madzi omwe amalumikizana ndi madzi ena osasakanikirana kapena mpweya. Zili ngati kuti pamwamba pake pali nembanemba yotanuka, yolimba mofanana, yomwe nthawi zonse imapangitsa kuti dera la pamwamba likhale lolimba. Motero timapeza kuti thovu la mpweya mumadzi ndi madontho a chinyezi mumlengalenga ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira.
Mphamvu ya kukakamira pamwamba pa mzere uliwonse wongopeka pamalo omasuka imagwirizana ndi kutalika kwa mzerewo ndipo imagwira ntchito molunjika. Kukakamira pamwamba pa unit iliyonse kutalika kumafotokozedwa mu mN/m. Kukula kwake ndi kochepa kwambiri, komwe kuli pafupifupi 73 mN/m pamadzi omwe amakhudzana ndi mpweya kutentha kwa chipinda. Pali kuchepa pang'ono kwa makumi a pamwamba.ikutentha kukukwera.
Mu ntchito zambiri mu ma hydraulic, kupsinjika kwa pamwamba sikofunika kwenikweni chifukwa mphamvu zogwirizana nthawi zambiri zimakhala zochepa poyerekeza ndi mphamvu za hydrostatic ndi dynamic. Kupsinjika kwa pamwamba kumafunika kokha pamene pali malo omasuka ndipo miyeso ya malire ndi yaying'ono. Chifukwa chake pankhani ya ma hydraulic models, zotsatira za kupsinjika kwa pamwamba, zomwe sizili ndi phindu mu prototype, zitha kukhudza momwe kayendedwe ka madzi kakuyendera mu chitsanzo, ndipo gwero la cholakwika ichi pakuyerekeza liyenera kuganiziridwa potanthauzira zotsatira.
Zotsatira za kupsinjika kwa pamwamba zimakhala zoonekera kwambiri pankhani ya machubu ang'onoang'ono otseguka kumlengalenga. Izi zitha kukhala ngati machubu a manometer mu labotale kapena ma pores otseguka m'nthaka. Mwachitsanzo, chubu chaching'ono chagalasi chikaviikidwa m'madzi, zidzapezeka kuti madzi akukwera mkati mwa chubucho, monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 3.
Pamwamba pa madzi mu chubu, kapena meniscus monga momwe imatchulidwira, ndi yopindika mmwamba. Chochitikachi chimadziwika kuti capillarity, ndipo kukhudzana kwa tangential pakati pa madzi ndi galasi kumasonyeza kuti mgwirizano wamkati wa madzi ndi wocheperapo kuposa kugwirizana pakati pa madzi ndi galasi. Kupanikizika kwa madzi mkati mwa chubu pafupi ndi pamwamba pake ndi kocheperapo kuposa mlengalenga.
Chithunzi 3. Kuchuluka kwa magazi m'thupi
Mercury imachita zinthu mosiyana, monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 3(b). Popeza mphamvu zogwirizanitsa zimakhala zazikulu kuposa mphamvu zomamatira, ngodya yolumikizirana ndi yayikulu ndipo meniscus ili ndi nkhope yozungulira mlengalenga ndipo imachepetsedwa. Kupanikizika komwe kuli pafupi ndi malo omasuka ndi kwakukulu kuposa mlengalenga.
Kuchuluka kwa capillarity mu manometers ndi magalasi oyezera kungapewedwe pogwiritsa ntchito machubu omwe ali ndi mainchesi osachepera 10 mm.
Pampu Yopita Kumadzi a Nyanja ya Centrifugal
Nambala ya Chitsanzo: ASN ASNV
Mapampu a Model ASN ndi ASNV ndi mapampu a centrifugal opangidwa ndi gawo limodzi lokha komanso ogwiritsidwa ntchito kapena oyendera madzi kuti agwire ntchito zamadzi, mpweya wozizira, nyumba, kuthirira, malo opopera madzi, malo opangira magetsi, makina operekera madzi m'mafakitale, makina ozimitsa moto, sitima, nyumba ndi zina zotero.
Kuthamanga kwa nthunzi
Mamolekyu amadzimadzi omwe ali ndi mphamvu zokwanira za kinetic amatuluka m'thupi lalikulu la madzi pamalo ake omasuka ndikulowa mu nthunzi. Kupanikizika komwe kumachitika ndi nthunzi iyi kumadziwika kuti nthunzi, P,. Kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi kugwedezeka kwakukulu kwa mamolekyulu motero kuwonjezeka kwa nthunzi. Pamene nthunzi ikufanana ndi kukakamizidwa kwa mpweya pamwamba pake, madziwo amawira. Kuthamanga kwa nthunzi ya madzi pa 15°C ndi 1,72 kPa(1,72 kN/m2).2).
Kupanikizika kwa mpweya
Kupanikizika kwa mlengalenga padziko lapansi kumayesedwa ndi barometer. Pamwamba pa nyanja, kuthamanga kwa mlengalenga kumakhala pafupifupi 101 kPa ndipo kumayesedwa pamlingo uwu. Pali kuchepa kwa kuthamanga kwa mlengalenga ndi kutalika; mwachitsanzo, pa 1500m kumachepetsedwa kufika pa 88 kPa. Chofanana ndi mzati wamadzi chili ndi kutalika kwa 10,3 m pamlingo wa nyanja, ndipo nthawi zambiri chimatchedwa barometer yamadzi. Kutalikako ndi kongoganizira, popeza kuthamanga kwa nthunzi ya madzi kungalepheretse vacuum yonse kupezeka. Mercury ndi madzi abwino kwambiri a barometric, chifukwa ali ndi kuthamanga kwa nthunzi kochepa. Komanso, kuchuluka kwake kwakukulu kumapangitsa kuti mzati ukhale wautali - pafupifupi 0,75 m pamlingo wa nyanja.
Popeza kuti mphamvu zambiri zomwe zimapezeka mu ma hydraulics zimakhala pamwamba pa mphamvu ya mumlengalenga ndipo zimayesedwa ndi zida zomwe zimalemba mozama, ndikosavuta kuwona mphamvu ya mumlengalenga ngati datum, mwachitsanzo zero. Mphamvu zimatchedwa mphamvu ya gauge pamene zili pamwamba pa mphamvu ya mumlengalenga ndi vacuum pamene zili pansi pake. Ngati mphamvu yeniyeni ya zero imatengedwa ngati datum, mphamvu zimanenedwa kuti ndi zokhazikika. Mu Mutu 5 pomwe NPSH ikukambidwa, ziwerengero zonse zimafotokozedwa m'mawu a absolute water barometer, iesea level = 0 bar gauge = 1 bar absolute = 101 kPa=10,3 m water.
Nthawi yotumizira: Marichi-20-2024