Whakaahuatanga whānui
E ai ki te ingoa, ko te wai te mea e kitea ai tōna kaha ki te rere. He rerekē tēnei i te totoka nā te mea ka pāngia e te āhua rerekē nā te ahotea kutikuti, ahakoa te iti o te ahotea kutikuti. Ko te paearu anake ko te roa o te wā kia puta ai te āhua rerekē. I tēnei tikanga, kāore he āhua o te wai.
Ka taea te wehewehe i ngā wai ki ngā wai me ngā hau. He paku pēhi noa te wai, ā, he mata wātea ina whakatakotoria ki roto i tētahi oko tuwhera. I tētahi atu taha, ka whānui tonu te hau ki te whakakī i tōna ipu. Ko te mamaoa he hau e tata ana ki te āhua wai.
Ko te wai te mea nui ki te miihini. Tērā pea kei roto i tēnei wai te toru ōrau o te hau, ā, i ngā pēhanga iti iho i te hau ka tukuna. Me whakarite kia tika tēnei ina hangaia ana he papu, he takirere, he paipa, me ētahi atu.
Mīhini tīhiera, Tīpene poutū, Papu Wai Whakaheke Wai, maha-wāhanga, ā-roto. Ko tēnei momo papu wai whakaheke poutū e whakamahia ana mō te papu, kāore he waikura, he pāmahana iti iho i te 60 °C, ā, ko ngā totoka i whakatārewatia (kāore i te uru te muka, te kirikiri) he iti iho i te 150 mg/L te ihirangi o te wai para, te wai paru rānei. Ko te papu wai whakaheke poutū momo VTP he momo VTP, ā, i runga i te pikinga me te kara, ka whakatakotoria te hinu whakahinuhinu ngongo ki te wai. Ka taea te paowa i te pāmahana i raro iho i te 60 °C, ka tukuna kia mau ki tētahi momo totoka (pēnei i te rino para me te onepu pai, te waro, me ētahi atu) o te wai para, te wai paru rānei.
Ko ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana matua o ngā wai e whai ake nei:
Kiato (ρ)
Ko te mātotoru o te wai ko tōna papatipu mō ia rōrahi. I roto i te pūnaha SI ka whakaaturia hei kg/m3.
Ko te matotoru mōrahi o te wai he 1000 kg/m3i te 4°C. He iti te hekenga o te mātotoru i te pikinga o te pāmahana engari mō ngā mahi whaihua ko te mātotoru o te wai he 1000 kg/m3.
Ko te mātotoru whanaunga ko te ōwehenga o te mātotoru o te wai ki te mātotoru o te wai.
Papatipu motuhake (w)
Ko te papatipu motuhake o te wai ko tōna papatipu mō ia wae rōrahi. I roto i te pūnaha Si, ka whakaaturia i roto i te N/m3. I ngā pāmahana noa, ko te w he 9810 N/m3rānei 9,81 kN/m3(tata ki te 10 kN/m3 hei ngāwari ake i te tatau).
Te taumaha motuhake (SG)
Ko te taumaha motuhake o te wai ko te ōwehenga o te papatipu o tētahi rōrahi wai kua whakaritea ki te papatipu o te rōrahi wai ōrite. Nō reira, ko te ōwehenga anō hoki tēnei o te mātotoru wai ki te mātotoru o te wai parakore, i te nuinga o te wā i te 15°C.
Papu pūwāhi puna whakapūmau korehau
Tauira Nama：TWP
Ko ngā papu wai puna whakakī-ā-roto mō te miihini tīhiera neke raupapa TWP mō ngā āhuatanga ohorere he mea hoahoa tahi e DRAKOS PUMP o Hingaiapore me te kamupene REEOFLO o Tiamana. Ka taea e tēnei raupapa papu te kawe i ngā momo matūriki katoa kei roto he reo ma, he koretake, he waikura hoki. Ka whakaoti i te maha o ngā hapa papu whakakī-ā-roto tuku iho. Ka taea e tēnei momo papu whakakī-ā-roto te tīmata aunoa me te tīmata anō me te kore wai mō te tīmatanga tuatahi, Ka taea e te pane momi te neke atu i te 9 m; Ko te hoahoa waipēhi pai rawa atu me te hanganga ahurei e pupuri ana i te pai o te mahi neke atu i te 75%. Ā, he rerekē te whakaurunga hanganga hei kōwhiringa.
Te tauwehenga papatipu (k)
mō ngā kaupapa mahi rānei, ka kiia pea ngā wai he mea kore e taea te pēhi. Heoi anō, tera ētahi wā, pērā i te rere kore pumau i roto i ngā paipa, me whai whakaaro ki te kaha pēhi. Ko te modulus papatipu o te elasticity, k, ka hoatu e:
ko p te pikinga o te pēhanga, ā, ina pāngia ki te rōrahi V, ka hua ake he hekenga o te rōrahi AV. Nā te mea me hono te hekenga o te rōrahi ki te pikinga ōrite o te mātotoru, ka taea te whakaatu i te Whārite 1 penei:
mō te wai rānei, ko te k e tata ana ki te 2 150 MPa i ngā pāmahana me ngā pēhanga noa. Nō reira, e 100 ngā wā ka kaha ake te pēhi o te wai i te maitai.
Wai pai rawa atu
Ko te wai tino pai, ko te wai tino tika, he wai kāore he ahotea tāwhā, he ahotea kutikuti rānei i waenganui i ngā matūriki wai. He rite tonu te mahi a ngā kaha i tētahi wāhanga, ā, he iti noa iho ki te pēhanga me ngā kaha whakatere. Kāore he wai tūturu e tino tutuki ana i tēnei ariā, ā, mō ngā wai katoa e neke ana, he ahotea tāwhā kei reira e whakaiti ana i te nekehanga. Heoi, ko ētahi wai, tae atu ki te wai, e tata ana ki te wai tino pai, ā, mā tēnei whakaaro māmā ka taea te whakamahi i ngā tikanga pāngarau, ngā tikanga whakairoiro rānei hei whakaoti i ētahi raruraru rere.
Tauira Nama：XBC-VTP
Ko ngā papu tinei ahi poutū roa XBC-VTP Series he raupapa papu whakarara kotahi-wāhanga, maha-wāhanga, i hangaia i runga anō i te Paerewa Motu hou GB6245-2006. I whakapai ake hoki mātou i te hoahoa me te tohutoro ki te paerewa o te United States Fire Protection Association. E whakamahia ana mō te tuku wai ahi i roto i te matū hinu, te hau māori, te tipu hiko, te kakahu miro, te tauranga, te rererangi, te whare putunga, te whare teitei me ētahi atu ahumahi. Ka taea hoki te whakamahi ki te kaipuke, ki te tāke moana, ki te kaipuke tinei ahi me ētahi atu wā tuku.
Te matotoru
Ko te matotoru o te wai he mehua o tōna ātete ki te ahotea tāwhā, ki te ahotea kutikuti rānei. Ka puta mai i te taunekeneke me te piripono o ngā ngota wai. He matotoru ngā wai tūturu katoa, ahakoa he rerekē ngā nekehanga. He rite te ahotea kutikuti i roto i te totoka ki te taumahatanga, engari he rite te ahotea kutikuti i roto i te wai ki te tere o te taumahatanga kutikuti. Nō reira, kāore e taea te ahotea kutikuti i roto i te wai e okioki ana.
Pikitia 1. Te whakarerekētanga matotoru
Whakaarohia he wai e herea ana i waenganui i ngā pereti e rua e tū tata ana ki te tawhiti y (Pikitia 1). Kei te tū tonu te pereti o raro i te mea e neke ana te pereti o runga i te tere v. E whakaarohia ana ka puta te nekehanga wai i roto i te raupapa o ngā paparanga angiangi mutunga kore, ngā paparanga rānei, e taea ai te neke tetahi ki runga i tetahi. Kāore he rere whakawhiti, he pōrearea rānei. Kei te tū tonu te paparanga e tata ana ki te pereti tū i te mea he tere v tō te paparanga e tata ana ki te pereti neke. Ko te tere o te taumahatanga kutikuti, te pikinga tere rānei ko dv/dy. Ko te matotoru hihiri, ko te matotoru μ rānei, e hoatu ana e
Nō reira:
I tuatahitia te whakapae a Newton mō tēnei kīanga mō te ahotea matotoru, ā, e mōhiotia ana ko te whārite matotoru a Newton. He tauwehenga ōrite pumau tō te nuinga o ngā wai, ā, e kiia ana ko ngā wai Newtonian.
Pikitia 2. Te whanaungatanga i waenga i te ahotea kutikuti me te tere o te taumahatanga kutikuti.
He whakaaturanga whakairoiro te Pikitia 2 o te Whārite 3, e whakaatu ana i ngā whanonga rerekē o ngā mea totoka me ngā mea wai i raro i te ahotea kutikuti.
Ka whakaatuhia te matotoru i roto i ngā centipoises (Pa.s, Ns/m rānei)2).
I roto i ngā raruraru maha e pā ana ki te nekehanga wai, ka puta te matotoru me te kiato i te āhua μ/p (kāore e pā ki te kaha) ā, he pai ki te whakamahi i te kupu kotahi v, e mōhiotia ana ko te matotoru kinematic.
Ko te uara o ν mō te hinu taumaha ka eke ki te 900 x 10-6m2/s, engari mō te wai, he iti noa te matotoru, he 1,14 x 10?m2/s anake i te 15° C. Ka heke te matotoru o te wai i te pikinga o te pāmahana. I te pāmahana rūma, ko te matotoru o te hau he tata ki te 13 ngā wā i tō te wai.
Te kukū o te mata me te kaha o te capillary
Tuhipoka:
Ko te piriponotanga te kukume o ngā ngota ngota rite tetahi ki tetahi.
Ko te piri te āhua o te kukume a ngā ngota rerekē tetahi ki tetahi.
Ko te kukū o te mata te āhuatanga ā-tinana e taea ai te pupuri i te pata wai kia iri i te puna, he ipu kia whakakīia ki te wai i runga ake i te pari, engari kia kaua e maringi, kia kaua hoki e mānu te ngira i runga i te mata o te wai. Ko ēnei āhuatanga katoa nā te hononga i waenga i ngā ngota i te mata o te wai e hono ana ki tētahi atu wai, ki tētahi atu hau rānei e kore e taea te whakaranu. Me te mea nei ko te mata he kiriuhi pīataata, he taumaha ōrite, e whakawhāiti tonu ana i te wāhi o waho. Nō reira, ka kitea e tātou he porowhita te āhua o ngā mirumiru hau i roto i te wai me ngā pata makuku i te āhuarangi.
Ko te kaha o te kume o te mata puta noa i tētahi rārangi whakaaro i tētahi mata kore utu he rite ki te roa o te rārangi, ā, ka mahi i te ahunga poutū ki taua rārangi. Ko te kume o te mata mō ia wae roa ka whakaaturia i roto i te mN/m. He iti noa iho tōna rahi, tata ki te 73 mN/m mō te wai e pā ana ki te hau i te pāmahana rūma. He iti te hekenga o ngā tekau mata.ime te piki haere o te pāmahana.
I te nuinga o ngā whakamahinga o te waipēhi, kāore i te tino hira te kukū o te mata nā te mea he iti noa iho ngā kaha e pā ana ki tēnei āhuatanga ina whakaritea ki ngā kaha waipēhi me ngā kaha hihiri. He mea nui anake te kukū o te mata ina he mata kore utu, ā, he iti ngā taha o te rohe. Nō reira, i roto i ngā tauira waipēhi, ko ngā pānga kukū o te mata, kāore he pānga ki te tauira tuatahi, ka pā ki te whanonga rere o te tauira, ā, me whai whakaaro ki tēnei pūtake hapa i roto i te whakatauira ina whakamāramahia ngā hua.
He tino kitea ngā pānga o te kukū mata i roto i ngā ngongo iti e tuwhera ana ki te hau. Tērā pea he ngongo manometer i roto i te taiwhanga, he pūwero tuwhera rānei i roto i te oneone. Hei tauira, ina tōia he ngongo karāhe iti ki roto i te wai, ka kitea te pikinga o te wai i roto i te ngongo, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 3.
Ko te mata wai i roto i te ngongo, e kiia nei ko te meniscus, he piko whakarunga. Ko te āhuatanga nei e mōhiotia ana ko te capillarity, ā, ko te pa o te pa o te wai me te karāhe e tohu ana he iti iho te piri o roto o te wai i te piri i waenga i te wai me te karāhe. Ko te pēhanga o te wai i roto i te ngongo e tata ana ki te mata kore utu he iti iho i te pēhanga o te hau.
Pikitia 3. Te Āhua o te Kapirara
He rerekē te whanonga a Mercury, e ai ki te Whakaahua 3(b). Nā te mea he nui ake ngā kaha piri i ngā kaha piri, he nui ake te koki pa, ā, he anga kōpiko te meniscus ki te āhuarangi, ā, kua pēhia. He nui ake te pēhanga e tata ana ki te mata kore utu i te āhuarangi.
Ka taea te karo i ngā pānga o te kaha o te toto i roto i ngā manometer me ngā karāhe ine mā te whakamahi i ngā ngongo kāore i raro iho i te 10 mm te whānui.
Papu Haerenga Wai Moana Pūwero
Tauira Nama：ASN ASNV
Ko ngā papu tauira ASN me ASNV he papu torengi takirua-wāhanga kotahi, he mea whakamahi, he mea kawe wai rānei mō ngā mahi wai, te tohanga hauhautanga, te hanga whare, te whakamakuku whenua, te teihana papu rerenga wai, te teihana hiko, te pūnaha tuku wai ahumahi, te pūnaha tinei ahi, te kaipuke, te hanga whare me ērā atu.
Pēhanga kohu
Ko ngā ngota wai he nui te kaha nekeneke ka puta mai i te tinana matua o te wai i tōna mata kore utu ka uru ki te kohu. Ko te pēhanga e pā ana ki tēnei kohu e mōhiotia ana ko te pēhanga kohu, P,. Ko te pikinga o te pāmahana e pā ana ki te nui ake o te oho o te ngota, ā, nō reira ka piki ake te pēhanga kohu. Ina ōrite te pēhanga kohu ki te pēhanga o te hau i runga ake, ka koropupū te wai. Ko te pēhanga kohu o te wai i te 15°C he 1,72 kPa (1,72 kN/m2).
Te pēhanga o te hau
Ka inehia te pēhanga o te hau i te mata o te whenua e te paeromita. I te taumata moana, ko te toharite o te pēhanga hau ko te 101 kPa, ā, ka whakapūmautia ki tēnei uara. Ka heke te pēhanga hau i te teitei; hei tauira, i te 1 500m ka heke ki te 88 kPa. Ko te teitei o te pou wai ōrite ko te 10.3 m i te taumata moana, ā, e kiia ana ko te paeromita wai. He whakapae noa iho te teitei, nā te mea ka ārai te pēhanga kohu o te wai i te tutuki i te korehau katoa. He wai paeromita pai rawa atu a Mercury, nā te mea he iti noa te pēhanga kohu. Waihoki, nā tōna matotoru teitei ka hua ake he pou he teitei tika - tata ki te 0.75 m i te taumata moana.
I te mea ko te nuinga o ngā pēhanga e tūtaki ana ki ngā waipēhi kei runga ake i te pēhanga o te hau, ā, ka inehia mā ngā taputapu e tuhi ana i te āhua ōrite, he pai ki te whakaaro ko te pēhanga o te hau hei rātaka, arā, ko te kore. Ka kiia ngā pēhanga he pēhanga ine ina kei runga ake i te hau, ā, ko ngā pēhanga korehau ina kei raro iho. Mena ka tangohia te pēhanga kore tūturu hei rātaka, ka kiia he tino pūmau ngā pēhanga. I roto i te Upoko 5 e kōrerohia ana te NPSH, ka whakaatuhia ngā whika katoa i roto i ngā kupu ine wai tino pūmau, taumata moana = 0 pae ine = 1 pae tino pūmau =101 kPa=10.3 m wai.
Wā tuku: Maehe-20-2024