Bayani na Gabaɗaya
Ruwa, kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, yana da alaƙa da ikonsa na gudana. Ya bambanta da mai ƙarfi domin yana fuskantar nakasa saboda matsin lamba na yankewa, komai ƙanƙantar matsin lamba na yankewa. Abin da kawai ake buƙata shi ne cewa isasshen lokaci ya wuce kafin nakasawar ta faru. A wannan ma'anar ruwa ba shi da siffar da ta dace.
Ana iya raba ruwa zuwa ruwa da iskar gas. Ruwa yana ɗan matsewa kaɗan kuma akwai wani wuri mai 'yanci idan aka sanya shi a cikin tukunya a buɗe. A gefe guda kuma, iskar gas koyaushe tana faɗaɗa don cike akwatinsa. Tururi iska ce da ke kusa da yanayin ruwa.
Ruwan da injiniyan ya fi damuwa da shi shine ruwa. Yana iya ƙunsar har zuwa kashi uku cikin ɗari na iska a cikin ruwan da ke cikinsa wanda a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba na yanayi yakan saki. Dole ne a yi tanadi don wannan lokacin tsara famfo, bawuloli, bututun mai, da sauransu.
Injin dizal Na'urar turbine mai tsayi mai matakai da yawa na ruwa mai magudanar ruwa Wannan nau'in famfon magudanar ruwa mai tsayi ana amfani da shi ne musamman don famfo ba tare da tsatsa ba, zafin jiki ƙasa da 60 °C, daskararrun da aka dakatar (ba tare da zare ba, grits) ƙasa da 150 mg/L na najasa ko ruwan sharar gida. Famfon magudanar ruwa na tsaye na nau'in VTP yana cikin famfon ruwa na tsaye na VTP, kuma bisa ga ƙaruwa da abin wuya, bututun yana da man shafawa. Za a iya shan taba zafin jiki ƙasa da 60 °C, a aika don ɗauke da wani takamaiman hatsi mai ƙarfi (kamar ƙarfe da yashi mai kyau, kwal, da sauransu) na najasa ko ruwan sharar gida.
An bayyana manyan halayen jiki na ruwa kamar haka:
Yawan yawa (ρ)
Yawan ruwa shine nauyinsa a kowace naúrar. A cikin tsarin SI, ana bayyana shi a matsayin kg/m2.3.
Ruwa yana da matsakaicin yawansa na 1000 kg/m23a 4°C. Akwai ɗan raguwar yawa tare da ƙaruwar zafin jiki amma don dalilai na aiki yawan ruwa shine 1000 kg/m23.
Yawan da ke tsakanin ruwa da ruwa shine rabon yawan ruwa.
Takamaiman nauyi (w)
Takamaiman nauyin ruwa shine nauyinsa a kowace naúrar. A cikin tsarin Si, ana bayyana shi a cikin N/m3A yanayin zafi na yau da kullun, w shine 9810 N/m3ko kuma 9,81 kN/m3(kimanin 10 kN/m3 don sauƙin lissafi).
Nauyin nauyi na musamman (SG)
Takamaiman nauyin ruwa shine rabon nauyin ruwa da aka bayar da nauyin ruwa iri ɗaya. Don haka shi ma rabon yawan ruwa da yawan ruwan tsarki, yawanci duk a 15°C.
famfon famfo mai ma'aunin zafi na injin tsotsar ruwa
Lambar Samfura: TWP
Jerin TWP Injin Dizal Mai Motsi Mai Gyaran Kaya ...
Babban modulus (k)
ko kuma a aikace, ana iya ɗaukar ruwa a matsayin wanda ba za a iya matsewa ba. Duk da haka, akwai wasu lokuta, kamar kwararar bututu mara daidaito, inda ya kamata a yi la'akari da matsewa. Babban tsarin elasticity,k, an bayar da shi ta hanyar:
inda p shine ƙaruwar matsin lamba wanda, idan aka yi amfani da shi a kan ƙarar V, yana haifar da raguwar ƙarar AV. Tunda raguwar ƙara dole ne ya kasance yana da alaƙa da ƙaruwar yawa daidai gwargwado, ana iya bayyana Daidaito 1 kamar haka:
ko ruwa,k yana da kusan 2 150 MPa a yanayin zafi da matsin lamba na yau da kullun. Bayan haka, ruwa yana da kusan sau 100 fiye da ƙarfe.
Ruwa mai kyau
Ruwa mai kyau ko cikakke shine wanda babu matsin lamba ko matsin lamba tsakanin ƙwayoyin ruwa. Ƙarfin koyaushe yana aiki ne a wani sashe kuma yana iyakance ga matsin lamba da ƙarfin haɓakawa. Babu wani ruwa na gaske da ya dace da wannan ra'ayi, kuma ga duk ruwan da ke motsi akwai matsin lamba mai ƙarfi wanda ke da tasirin rage motsi. Duk da haka, wasu ruwaye, gami da ruwa, suna kusa da ruwa mai kyau, kuma wannan zato mai sauƙi yana ba da damar amfani da hanyoyin lissafi ko zane don magance wasu matsalolin kwarara.
Famfon Wuta na Injin Turbin Tsaye
Lambar Samfura: XBC-VTP
Tsarin XBC-VTP jerin famfunan kashe gobara na tsaye masu tsayin shaft guda ɗaya ne, famfunan watsawa masu matakai da yawa, waɗanda aka ƙera bisa ga sabon Tsarin Ƙasa na GB6245-2006. Mun kuma inganta ƙirar tare da la'akari da ƙa'idar Ƙungiyar Kare Gobara ta Amurka. Ana amfani da shi galibi don samar da ruwan wuta a fannin man fetur, iskar gas, tashar wutar lantarki, yadi na auduga, tashar jiragen ruwa, jiragen sama, rumbunan ajiya, gine-gine masu tsayi da sauran masana'antu. Hakanan ana iya amfani da shi ga jiragen ruwa, tankin ruwa, jiragen kashe gobara da sauran lokutan samar da kayayyaki.
Danko
Dankowar ruwa ma'auni ne na juriyarsa ga matsin lamba mai kama da na tangential ko shear. Yana tasowa ne daga hulɗa da haɗin ƙwayoyin ruwa. Duk ruwa na gaske suna da danko, kodayake zuwa matakai daban-daban. Dankowar yankewa a cikin daskararre yana daidai da matsin lamba yayin da damuwar yankewa a cikin ruwa yana daidai da saurin raunin yankewa. Sakamakon haka, babu damuwa ta yankewa a cikin ruwa wanda ke hutawa.
Hoto na 1. Nakasa mai kauri
Ka yi la'akari da ruwa da aka tanada tsakanin faranti biyu waɗanda ke da ɗan gajeren nisa tsakanin su (Hoto na 1). Faranti na ƙasa yana tsaye yayin da farantin sama yana motsi a saurin v. Ana tsammanin motsin ruwa yana faruwa a cikin jerin yadudduka ko laminae marasa iyaka, waɗanda ba za su iya zamewa ɗaya a kan ɗayan ba. Babu kwararar ruwa ko tashin hankali. Layer ɗin da ke kusa da farantin da ba ya tsayawa yana hutawa yayin da Layer ɗin da ke kusa da farantin da ke motsi yana da saurin v. Yawan ƙarfin yankewa ko saurin gudu shine dv/dy. Danko mai motsi ko, mafi sauƙi, danko μ an bayar da shi ta hanyar
Don haka:
Wannan magana ta damuwa mai kama da ruwa Newton ne ya fara hasashenta kuma an san ta da lissafin danko na Newton. Kusan dukkan ruwaye suna da daidaiton daidaito kuma ana kiran su da ruwayen Newtonian.
Hoto na 2. Alaƙa tsakanin matsin lamba na yankewa da kuma yawan nauyin yankewa.
Hoto na 2 misali ne na zane na Daidaito na 3 kuma yana nuna halaye daban-daban na daskararru da ruwaye a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba na yankewa.
Ana bayyana danko a cikin santimita (Pa.s ko Ns/m2)2).
A cikin matsaloli da yawa game da motsin ruwa, danko yana bayyana tare da yawan da ke cikin siffar μ/p (ba tare da ƙarfin ba) kuma yana da kyau a yi amfani da kalma ɗaya ta v, wacce aka sani da danko mai kinematic.
Darajar ν ga mai mai nauyi na iya kaiwa har zuwa 900 x 10-6m2/s, yayin da ga ruwa, wanda ke da ƙarancin ɗanko, yana da 1,14 x 10?m2/s kawai a 15°C. Danko na kinematic na ruwa yana raguwa tare da ƙaruwar zafin jiki. A zafin ɗaki, danko na kinematic na iska ya ninka na ruwa sau 13.
Tashin hankali da capillary na saman
Lura:
Haɗin kai shine jan hankalin da ƙwayoyin halitta iri ɗaya ke da shi ga juna.
Mannewa shine abin da ƙwayoyin halitta daban-daban ke jawo wa junansu.
Tashin hankali a saman ruwa abu ne na zahiri wanda ke ba da damar riƙe digon ruwa a cikin famfo, a cika jirgin ruwa da ruwa kaɗan a saman gefen amma ba a zubar da shi ko allura ta yi iyo a saman ruwa ba. Duk waɗannan abubuwan sun faru ne saboda haɗin kai tsakanin ƙwayoyin halitta a saman ruwa wanda ke haɗe da wani ruwa ko iskar gas da ba za a iya juyawa ba. Kamar dai saman ya ƙunshi membrane mai laushi, wanda aka matsa shi daidai, wanda koyaushe yana ɗaure yankin saman. Don haka mun gano cewa kumfa na iskar gas a cikin ruwa da ɗigon danshi a cikin yanayi suna da siffar zagaye.
Ƙarfin tashin hankalin saman da ke kan kowace layi mai tunani a saman da babu komai yana daidai da tsawon layin kuma yana aiki a daidai da shi. Tashin hankalin saman a kowane raka'a ana bayyana shi a cikin mN/m. Girmansa ƙanƙanta ne, yana da kusan 73 mN/m ga ruwa da ke hulɗa da iska a zafin ɗaki. Akwai ɗan raguwa a cikin goman saman.itare da ƙaruwar zafin jiki.
A yawancin aikace-aikacen hydraulics, matsin lamba a saman ba shi da wani muhimmanci tunda ƙarfin da ke da alaƙa gabaɗaya ba su da yawa idan aka kwatanta da ƙarfin hydrostatic da dynamic. Tsananin saman yana da mahimmanci ne kawai inda akwai saman kyauta kuma girman iyaka ƙanana ne. Don haka a yanayin samfuran hydraulic, tasirin matsin lamba a saman, waɗanda ba su da wani tasiri a cikin samfurin, na iya yin tasiri ga halayen kwararar a cikin samfurin, kuma dole ne a yi la'akari da wannan tushen kuskure a cikin kwaikwayon lokacin fassara sakamakon.
Tasirin tashin hankali a saman yana da matuƙar bayyana a yanayin bututun ƙananan ramuka da aka buɗe wa sararin samaniya. Waɗannan na iya ɗaukar siffar bututun manometer a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje ko kuma ramuka a cikin ƙasa. Misali, lokacin da aka tsoma ƙaramin bututun gilashi cikin ruwa, za a ga cewa ruwan yana tashi a cikin bututun, kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 3.
Saman ruwa a cikin bututun, ko meniscus kamar yadda ake kiransa, yana da lanƙwasa sama. Wannan lamari ana kiransa da capillarity, kuma hulɗar da ke tsakanin ruwa da gilashi yana nuna cewa haɗin cikin ruwa ya ƙasa da mannewa tsakanin ruwa da gilashi. Matsin ruwan da ke cikin bututun da ke kusa da saman da ba shi da iska ya yi ƙasa da na yanayi.
Hoto na 3. Ƙarfin Jijiyoyi
Mercury tana da halaye daban-daban, kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 3(b). Tunda ƙarfin haɗin kai ya fi ƙarfin mannewa, kusurwar hulɗa ta fi girma kuma meniscus yana da fuska mai lanƙwasa zuwa ga yanayi kuma yana raguwa. Matsin da ke kusa da saman kyauta ya fi na yanayi girma.
Ana iya guje wa tasirin capillarity a cikin manometers da gilashin gauge ta amfani da bututu waɗanda diamitansu bai wuce mm 10 ba.
Famfon Ruwa na Teku Mai Tsabta
Lambar Samfura: ASN ASNV
Man shafawa na ASN da ASNV famfunan tsotsa ne guda biyu masu rabe-raben volute casing da kuma jigilar ruwa da aka yi amfani da su ko kuma na ruwa don ayyukan ruwa, zagayawar iska, gini, ban ruwa, tashar famfon magudanar ruwa, tashar wutar lantarki, tsarin samar da ruwan masana'antu, tsarin kashe gobara, jirgin ruwa, gini da sauransu.
Matsi na tururi
Kwayoyin ruwa masu isasshen kuzarin motsi ana fitar da su daga babban jikin wani ruwa a samansa mai 'yanci kuma suna shiga cikin tururin. Matsin da wannan tururin ke yi ana kiransa da matsin lamba na tururin, P,. Karin zafin jiki yana da alaƙa da karuwar motsin kwayoyin halitta da kuma karuwar matsin lamba na tururin. Idan matsin lamba na tururin ya yi daidai da matsin iskar gas da ke sama da shi, ruwan yana tafasa. Matsin lamba na tururin ruwa a 15°C shine 1,72 kPa(1,72 kN/m2)2).
Matsin yanayi
Ana auna matsin lamba na sararin samaniya a saman duniya da na'urar barometer. A matakin teku, matsin lamba na yanayi yana da matsakaicin 101 kPa kuma ana daidaita shi a wannan ƙimar. Akwai raguwar matsin lamba na yanayi tare da tsayi; misali, a mita 1500 an rage shi zuwa 88 kPa. Daidaiton ginshiƙin ruwa yana da tsayin mita 10.3 a matakin teku, kuma sau da yawa ana kiransa da barometer na ruwa. Tsayin yana da hasashe, tunda matsin lamba na tururin ruwa zai hana samun cikakken injin. Mercury ruwa ne mai kyau, tunda yana da matsin lamba na tururin da ba shi da yawa. Hakanan, babban yawansa yana haifar da ginshiƙi mai tsayi mai ma'ana - kimanin mita 0.75 a matakin teku.
Ganin cewa yawancin matsin lamba da ake fuskanta a cikin na'urorin hydraulic suna sama da matsin yanayi kuma ana auna su ta hanyar kayan aiki waɗanda ke yin rikodin daidai, yana da kyau a ɗauki matsin lamba na yanayi a matsayin bayanai, watau sifili. Sannan ana kiran matsin lamba da ma'aunin aunawa lokacin da yake sama da matsin lamba na yanayi da kuma matsin lamba na injina lokacin da yake ƙasa da shi. Idan an ɗauki ainihin matsin lamba sifili a matsayin bayanai, ana cewa matsin lamba cikakke ne. A Babi na 5 inda aka tattauna NPSH, duk alkaluma an bayyana su a cikin kalmomin barometer na ruwa cikakke, matakin iesea = ma'aunin bar 0 = ma'aunin bar 1 cikakke = 101 kPa = 10,3 m ruwa.
Lokacin Saƙo: Maris-20-2024